Special Address

Security for whom? Feminist Perspectives on Security and Governance during the Pandemic

Dr. Tiina Seppälä

Senior Researcher, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lapland, Finland

The presentation critically discusses mainstream conceptualisations of security, that is, male-driven, state-oriented and Euro-centric discourses which have continued to dominate academic and political debates and imaginaries despite the global pandemic. Drawing on transdisciplinary intersections of feminist peace research, critical development studies, postcolonial theory and forced migration studies, it asks: “Security for whom, under what terms, and for what purposes?” It reflects on the ways in which displaced, migrant and refugee women, and women in other marginalised and racialised communities have visibilised complex insecurities and intensifying inequalities caused by the pandemic in their everyday lives, and utilised their knowledge and expertise not only in taking care of themselves and their families but in enacting care and solidarity also to others through community engagement and mutual aid, thus contesting mainstream understandings of security in multiple ways.

Special Address

Good Governance: A Necessary and often a Sufficient Condition for Attaining Human Security

Prof. Alka Parikh

Professor, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Mumbai

This is a brief explanation of how good governance is closely related to human security.  A nation that is governed by a leader hated by the people would be facing countless issues related to human security. An incompetent, partisan and corrupt government also will not be able to achieve much on the human security front. But a well governed nation would make it its goal to provide a good standard of living and a good quality of life to its citizens. Citing various examples, the talk argues that democracy is not a necessary condition for achieving human security. A benevolent king or a good dictator can achieve much more security for its people compared to a chaotic democracy. The talk then concentrates on two nations - Sweden and Bhutan - to talk of how good governance leads to making a nation that assures highest levels of different aspects of human security to its citizens.

Special Address

Human Security and Global Governance Crisis in South Asia

Prof. Rajpal Budania

Professor, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

Human security has become a significant paradigm in security discourses and governance the world over. Human security is more than the military defence of the state’s existential values. It emphasises the importance of the welfare of the individuals and communities by way of protection and empowerment; best achieved through common policies and regimes by states. Human security is a progressive idea and it provides a new framework to deal with threats to security and governance. New sources of insecurities, such as extremism, terrorism, internal strife, migration and problems of refugees, financial crisis, climate change, poverty, etc., threaten the survival of many states and they cannot be tackled through traditional approaches by individual states. They require collective efforts and mechanisms by states, regionally and globally. Regional or global governance is fundamental to enhancing human security goals. South Asia remains a highly conflict-ridden region. This region is faced with all kinds of vulnerabilities and threats. There are humanitarian crises in several areas of the region.   The states in the region are having a preoccupation with state security and state-centric policy formulations despite serious humanitarian crises. At the same time, it will be instructive to explore how states in South Asia through their policies and roles have caused human insecurity. Human security can best be promoted through regional or global governance structures. The South Asian region has faced several challenges to the goals of security and governance. The states have weak institutional bases, and domestic and regional governance dynamics have been inadequate to the pursuit of human security values in the region. In fact, in recent times the domestic and international variables have further deteriorated, thus, limiting the prospects of regional governance in South Asia.

Special Address

Minority Protection from a Human Security Perspective: towards Building a Human Security Index for Minorities

Andrea Carlà

Senior Researcher, Eurac Research, Institute for Minority Rights, Italy

Security has become a recurring theme when addressing minority issues. Though minorities are often perceived as raising security concerns, the fundamental task is to ask ‘security for whom?’ and reflect on what in society really needs to be secured. Addressing this question, this contribution analyzes minority issues in terms of ‘human security’. 

Human security regards the need to guarantee the well-being of individuals, providing ‘freedom from fear,’ ‘freedom from want’ and ‘human dignity.’ I argue that a human security approach provides several insights to better deal with minority concerns, adding to the traditional goal of recognizing civil, political and cultural rights, a more comprehensive, holistic understanding of the needs and challenges faced by members of minorities. However, human security is a vague term that is not clearly operationalized. In this light, this contribution aims at discussing the implications of addressing minority protection from a human security perspective as well as the need for an innovative human security index that applies specifically to cultural diversity issues and allows to measure the degree of human security provided to minorities, setting some preliminary thoughts for its development.

Special Address

Understanding Value of Human Security: A Buddhist Reading

Rev. Dr. Wadinagla Pannaloka

Head, Department of Buddhist Thought, Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies  University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Readings of Buddhism can be divided into two when we come to discuss the theme of human security. Some group of scholars have tried to show that Buddhism is not concerned with secular matters but only otherworldly matters and individual liberation. The second category of scholars, who have directly discussed the theme of human security, though do not try to characterize Buddhism as other-world oriented religion, emphasize mental transformation through moral training as the only way to attain human security. The present paper assuming a different position from both these categories, first argues that Buddhist teachings are concerned with well-being of society at this moment. Then, the paper will address the point how Buddhism proposes taking concrete actions at physical level to assure human security at two levels, individual and social. At the individual level, the person must awake empathy towards all fellow human beings by understanding how oneself loves life and fears of insecurity. This aspect is covered by training morality (observing moral rules-sīla) and mental cultivation (samādhi). At the collective level, Buddhism demands the rulers to take necessary actions to assure security of the public in a country. The Buddhist way of guiding rulers is to demand them to adhere to moral teachings. The teachings such as ten royal duties (dasa rāja dhammā), seven non-degenerative principles (satta aparihiniyā dhammā) and duties of universal monarch (cakkavatti) produce a systematic guidance. By taking a close analysis of the Buddhist texts and empirical narratives reflected in the Buddhist texts and Buddhist societies, the present study will try to examine how practicing these teachings are conducive to bring about human security at the state-level

Special Address in a Special Panel

Rise of Sectarian Nationalism in India

Prof. Dr. Ram Puniyani

President, Centre for Study of Society and Secularism, Mumbai

During last few decades Sectarian Nationalism, in the name of Hindutva is on the rise in India. It has taken up issues related to identity of religion and targeted Religious minorities, Muslims and Christians. Thrpugh raising emotive pitch around Ram Temple, Cow-Beef, Love_Jihad it has targeted Msulims and through the bogey of conversion it has tageted Christians. There is an increase in the attacks on these communities and a gross violation of their democratic and Human rights. The violence against Muslims was witnessed in Mumbai, Gujarat, Muzaffarnagar and recently in Delhi. The ghastly burning of Pastor Graham Stewart Stains and Kandhamal Violence tormented the Christian Community.

Along with this is the attack on India's marginalized dalits and women. We need a great challenge to preserve our democratic ethos to protect the human rights of all sections of society.

Special Address as Organising Secretory of the Conference

Covid-19 Pandemic and Human Security: An Appraisal from Bangladeshi Perspective

Dr Sujit Dutta

Associate Professor

Department of International Relations, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

The Covid-19 pandemic has emerged as one of the most significant security threats to humankind in the 21st century. About 1 billion people have already been infected with the coronavirus, and about 8 million people have died so far from this Covid-19 pandemic; like the other countries in the world, the infection and death rate of Covid-19 increases day by day in Bangladesh. It proves how helpless man is to nature and this unconventional threat! The lives of the marginalized people of Bangladesh are most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the relationship between the social structure of society and power continues to determine the severity of the pandemic in human life. The most hopeful thing for Bangladesh is a disaster-prone country that has always been moving forward by overcoming various crises. Bangladesh has already devised many strategies to address the humanitarian crisis through which they have stood tall in the world. Bangladesh has made some landmark decisions in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic, which has resulted in the protection of much of the human security of the people of Bangladesh. The primary purpose of this paper is to find out how the Covid-19 pandemic has threatened the security of the people of Bangladesh.

Special Address in the Valedictory Session

Children Rights and Governance in India

Alok Kumar Gupta

Associate Professor , Department of International Relations Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi

Children are citizens in their own right, entitled to the full spectrum of human rights. Primary reason for protection of rights of children is because of the fact that the children are comparatively more vulnerable than adults to the conditions under which they live. The modernization of any culture and civilization is reflected in the fulfilment of state’s obligation to the young generation; the way it opens up opportunities for every child to groom his/her personality and achieve physical, mental, moral and spiritual heights in life. The global leadership did recognise about the cries for justice to children and made adequate arrangements by way of conventions and protocols. Hence, the prevalence of good governance in a country irrespective of the form of government largely depend upon its measures for protection of child rights and promotion of their well-being. 

India has the largest number of child labourers under the age of 14 in the world with an estimated 12.6 million children engaged in hazardous occupations. [Modern Slavery Index, 2013]. 13,40,000 children below the age of 5 die in a year accounting to 3671 child deaths per day. Nearly half of all child deaths under 5 in India are attributed to undernutrition. 1 in every 11 children in India is working, when they should be at school. More than half (56%) of the under 5 deaths occur within the first 28 days of coming to life. India accounts for more than 3 out of 10 stunted children in the world. 47% of the women in India are married when they are child, before the age of 18, and 30% bear a child when they are a child and end up as adolescent mothers. 17.7 million children and adolescents are out of school in India, which is 14% of the World’s population of children out of school. 20% of Grade-II children in India cannot recognize numbers 1 to 9. 53 % of children drop out of school at elementary level. 49.5 % of Grade-V children cannot do subtraction and 55% of Grade-VIII children cannot solve 3 digits by 1 digit division problem. 51% of children of Grade-VIII cannot read Grade-II text. These statistics may be based on conservative estimates.

Child related issues are writ large in Indian society. Child marriage, child abuse, beggary, bonded labour, corporal punishments, sex selective abortion, are to name but a few. There are umpteen number of legal and policy interventions to facilitate the growth and development of children, and protection and promotion of their rights. Therefore, it makes it imperative to explore as to what is wrong within the system that in spite of availability of laws and policy the children are not safe. This is a serious bottleneck towards India’s

road to good governance. Author thus intents to discuss in his paper the status of child rights in India; the measures taken so far; and enumerate the major imperatives to ensure and enhance security of children in India. 

The pandemic is now being compared to a war. COVID-19 is not only a health crisis but also a human security crisis. It is depriving freedom from want, fear and freedom to live with peace& dignity. The pandemic demands human security approach of inclusiveness, human protection and empowerment.

The concept of human security was introduced in policy discussions in 1990s’. This concept is an integration of development and security, which broadly encircles non-military nature of security concerns. This approach were highly criticized for widening security threats beyond war. This pandemic has marked a paradigm shift in the security scenario. The pandemic which has taken millions of lives across the globe has undermined our safety and security.
Not only medical solutions, measures should also address repercussions on health, economics, politics, society and culture. On the economic front, stock markets have nose- dived. The closures and lockdowns have badly affected both goods and services industries. The entire world is agonized from fear and want.

The pandemic has also affected politics, both domestic as well as international. Some countries seek to gain from the pandemic, which has led to competition and confrontation among nation states.  It has marred the concept of traditional security by sending the wrong signal to those keen to develop biological weapons. The traditional defense mechanism has failed to control this new enemy and it is directly hitting on the three key elements of Human Security vis-à-vis Human Development, viz. Health, Education and Income. The virus does not know boundaries .We cannot get out of this situation all alone. Hence, competition and confrontation will lead to nothing but lose this war. The only option left is to cooperate to shape a globally and regionally coordinated response.

Cyber Crimes Against Women In India: Issues And Challenges Before Women Security And Governance

Mr. Pankaj Kumar

Assistant Professor , Baba Farid Law College, Faridkot, Punjab

The information technology has brought a great revolution in the communication space for making world a global village and giving equal realization of rights to women. Invention of worldwide web, computer and other electronic devices changed women's standard of living. The open and unregulated nature of the internet and the irrelevance of geography mean that the internet provides fertile ground for criminal enterprise. Cyber crimes are generally committed through Facebook, Twitter and other social media platforms resulting into blackmailing, bullying or cheating via messenger messages and emails. The dignity, privacy and security of a woman always remain under threat on new online platform. The author has made an attempt to highlight the genesis of cyber crime against women in India, it's various existing forms, strength of our legal system to combat this novel threat effectively, role of judiciary, impact of covid-19 period and the need to evolve some well defined mechanism to address this issue completely and effectively.

Drone Warfare And Human Security

Soumyadeep Bidyanta,

Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

The last couple of decades have seen a massive proliferation in the use of armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s, also known as Drones). Drone strikes have been a staple of America’s global war on terror, and have been used extensively in the Middle East, North and East Africa, and the AfPak region. In the recent few years, drones have also been used in peer conflicts and civil wars, particularly those where proxy actors are involved. Such a rise in the use of drones has also brought about concerns of human security, given the possibility of civilian casualties arising out of drone strikes and drone warfare. This paper would look into this aspect, and examine how increasing drone proliferation has worsened human security for the populations involved, and what can be done to contain it.

E-Governance In India: Challenges Faced In Implementation

Sajad Ahmad Mir

Research Scholar, Desh Bhagat University ,Punjab

E-governance is the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) by the government to offer its services to the citizens in online mode through the internet . E-governance in modern times is one of the most effective and efficient forms of governance. Governments throughout the world today are using ICT tools to provide their services to the citizens in an effective manner. Today almost every country in the world is implementing e-governance by taking initiatives towards the implementation of E-governance Especially by developing countries including India. E-governance not only ensures Transparency in government services but also has many other benefits Like Reduction in Corruption and making the government more accountable. India is probably the fastest developing country in the world at present. the population of India is the second-largest in the world which accounts for 17.7% of the total population of the world .it is not an easy task to govern a country like India for any government. E-governance is one of the best forms of government. There is a large number of challenges in the implementation of E-GOVERNANCE in India. This research paper Explains the Main challenges faced by India in the implementation of E-governance.

Health And Governance

Dr Archana Anand

Associate Professor, Government Girls College Tonk, Rajasthan

Good governance has been discussed as a new concept for poverty alleviation and economic development by global organizations, but this concept has been neglected in the health system. Therefore, this study was conducted with the goal of analysing good governance in health system. Method: This systematic review was conducted by using valid data bases such as Medline, Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, Ovid, CINAHEL, ScienceDirect, Springer and Web of Science and after screening at different stages, articles were evaluated and analysed based on inclusion criteria. Results: Among 360 studies, 10 research were included. Three studies had evaluated the aspects of good governance in the health system and seven cases were discussed in the study of governance frameworks of health systems. Conclusions: Despite the emphasis of this study, using eight dimensions of participation, including: Rule of law, transparency, accountability, equality, efficiency and effectiveness, responsibility and the formation of general consensus in analysing good governance of countries, designing a native model of good governance in the health system in different societies, is essential.

Human Security And Pandemic

Dr. Shikha Nagori

Assistant Professor , Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, Rajasthan

The conception of human security represents a departure from traditional notion of security, which concentrate on the security of the state. Human security goes beyond state and focuses security of Individualities anywhere in world, and its end thing is the protection of people from traditional and unconventional pitfalls similar as poverty, hunger, complaint, etc. Human security entered into the policy and academic debates in the early 1990s. Human development report of UN in1994 was the pivotal corner. Core theme of human security is that securing state isn't same as securing individualities and military trouble is only one of the multiple pitfalls to individualities which need collaboration of multiple actors including countries. Covid-19 exposes the structural inequalities and contradictions which underpin norms of security in many societies, given that experiences of security and insecurity are shaped by gender, socio-economic inequalities, and ethnicity.

Human Security And Sustainable Development.

Varkha Khanchi

Assistant Professor, Choudhary Ishwar Singh Kanya Mahavidhyalya Dhand-Dadwana, Haryana

Human security is one of the vital concept in the contemporary world. Human security is a universal concept i.e. it is applicable to everywhere. In the year 1994 human development report, defined human security as people’s “Safety from chronic threats and protection from sudden hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life.” Seven types of security were listed as components of human security: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal(physical) security, community security and political security. Sustainable governance is governance of organization which is both lawful and which promotes a good life for all, now and far into the future. There are laws that formate sustainability, laws that are neutral and laws that permit unsustainable behaviour and governance. This paper examines the relationship between human security and sustainable governance means relationship between development, good governance and economic security. Human security is directly linked to development. Underdevelopment means there is no human security. The main cause of insecurity and instability is poverty and without development there can e no security. So development is a prerequisite for security. Sustainable governance has a positive affect on the implementation of right to development and access to security.

Human Security And The Effect Of The Pandemic On Education

Sarmita Dey

Visiting Professor, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra

The Covid-19 pandemic has reaped havoc in the world, depriving people of their means of livelihood and education and posing challenges to the existing health care infrastructure in the world. This in turn has resulted in deterioration of human development leading to human insecurities due to illness and deaths in huge numbers caused by the corona virus, unemployment and poverty, illiteracy and learning disablement. This paper looks at the effect of the pandemic on human security in the context of deprivation of education of children during the pandemic, which is tantamount to deprivation of capabilities. This serious problem may be solved using the Capability approach of Nobel laureate, Prof. Amartya Sen, whereby the combination of individual characteristics, access to resources and the lived environment interact to affect a person’s opportunity to be and do the things they value, in this case, to be educated.

Human Security As A Prerequisite To State Security In The 21St Century

Devaki Nandan

Research Scholar, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal Central University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand

Human security reinvigorates comprehensive solutions to human survival and development. It extends the domain and the various notion of security. Human security includes physical security of individuals as well as security against emerging newly non-traditional threats. In the strategic environment of the 21st century, every nation is focusing on an up to the down pattern of security i.e., national security then individual security but in reality, the security lever is down to an up pattern of security i.e., individual security then nations security. It means human security is the precondition to national security.

Human Security Of The Hindu Minorities In Bangladesh Under The Last Regime Of Sheikh Hasina (2019- Till Date)

Sukdev Das

Research Scholar, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal

As we all know Bangladesh is a democratic State, the security and the rights of the minority communities are protected there. Especially under the regime of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her party Awami League, the religious minority Hindu community is considered much secure. The main object of this study is whether the people of the minority Hindu community in Bangladesh are really safe during Sheikh Hasina’s current 4th term or not. Some existing literature has been surveyed to prepare the study. And data is collected through personal interviews and observations method then it is interpreted to draw the inference. The study shows that the condition of the Human Security of the Hindu minorities in Bangladesh under this current regime is not secured properly. Some of the causes have been identified and several recommendations have been pointed out in this regard.

Human Security: Crucial Component Of India’S National Security Framework

John Thanglalsang Guite

Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Centre for Air Power Studies, New Delhi

The Indian National Security framework has for decades been defined with the notions of state security which was and is often equated with hard military power and perceived military threats from our neighboring countries such as China and Pakistan. However, over the years, this country has woken up to the reality of problems and threats derived from unemployment, communal conflicts , ecological problems , new pandemics and the like which are sinister and present themselves as threats to Human security and Human rights for every Indian citizen. The violation of Human rights tantamount to the violation of Human Security and once the security of every citizen is compromised, such can lead to growing resentments from the public and this resentment can transform itself into militancy, thus causing the Indian National Security apparatus to impart the values of Human Security. This is important but how?

Identity And Indignity: An Exploration

Neda Fatima

Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Centre for Air Power Studies, New Delhi

This paper is about allegations on Muslims and their institutions in India. The paper arguing that after nineties, Muslim community has been questioned for their religious education in Madrasas and Makatbs that they trained militant or provide training to become anti-nationalist; imposed by several Hindu fundamentalist groups. This situation and identical blame becomes worse for community progress, to show clear and transparent identity after the event of 9/11. The focus of study is to make an effort to generalize the internal truth about Muslims and their institution. Now, it’s become spectacular for the community to improve their identity due to socio-educational and economically backwardness and save themselves from being alleged for any uncivil or terror action. The docility of media to blunting any phenomena has created more hatred for Muslim community across the nation. The paper conclusion is based upon review of various literatures on primary data it is imperative to highlight that nor madrasas neither their students been found in any nefarious and ambivalent work.

Impact Of Article-32 On Human Security

Yogesh. M. S

Assistant Professor, Government First Grade College K.R.Sagara, Karnataka

This paper focus on Human security with Right to Remedy in a broad range of economic, political, social and environmental factors affecting human well-being, livelihood, dignity,survival and safety against violence. Article 32 of the Indian Constitution gives the right to individuals to move to the Supreme Court to seek justice when they feel that their right has been ‘unduly deprived’.Human security can be secured through Judicial Activism; Writs which enforces Human Rights. Article -32 affects and protects every Human being Life and dignity by which it enhance Human Security.The holistic vision of protecting the security of people lends itself to a variety of interpretations shaped by relative understandings of what constitutes a threat to the security of individuals. This paper emphasis on Writs securing the every individuals personal rights

Impact Of Corporate Governance Policies On The Financial Performance Of The Company

Sunil Kumar

Research Scholar, Mahatma Gandhi Central University Motihari, Bihar

Though corporate governance is about commitment to value proposition, normative values and business ethics towards the operational code of conduct of an organisation. It is a set of rules and regulations, processes, conducts and customs that affects the way a company is directed, administrated, controlled and managed their internal as well as external stakeholders in the realm of regulatory body. This is based on the principles of integrity, fairness, equity, transparency, accountability and commitment towards the organisational values and ethics to maintain the status-quo of company goodwill. However the Harshad Mehta Scam (1992) to sathyam scam maked the government role as a watchdog to embrace the companies under the ambit of compliance of law. The purpose of this research paper is to accustom with the impact of corporate governance police on the financial performance of company.

Interpretation Of The Human Rights Laws In The Post-Truth World

Harikrishnan R S

Student, Pondicherry University, Puducherry

Democracy is the major political sphere that gives maximum freedom to its subjects. The presence of adequate rights and duties strengthens the spirit of democracy in its vertex. Among that; human rights are more important and more related to the citizen. Without which, the entire rights are futile and irrelevant. The presence of these rights is weakening the power and political control of the ruling class. But in a political system, ignoring the laws is impossible. However, interpretation is the major tool to challenging these laws and today’s post-truth political realm is the favorable condition to propagate this idea. This paper tries to analyze human rights laws from the perspective of populist political ideas. And also tries to find out the misinterpreting cases of the human-rights laws and how to reduce the sphere of human rights laws with the perspective of national security. The study adopts the qualitative analysis and data collected from both the primary and secondary data.

Issues And Challenges Faced By Women Police In Kashmir

Shamikhah Hamid

Research Scholar , University of Kashmir, Kashmir

Shazia Manzoor

Associate Professor, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

Women police play a very important role in every society. They are always there for people in need. The policing job has been traditionally associated with men so it has been dominated by men only. But with the progress, women have entered this field even if in lesser numbers but so far they have survived and done well in the so called male cultured service. The women police personnel face a number of problems at their workplaces, homes and society which are different from a normal working woman as the nature of their job aggravate the intensity of their problems. We have used the qualitative research approach to explore and analyze the problems faced by women police personnel in Kashmir. The study has used interview method for data collection and an inductive thematic analysis has been used for the generation of the results. Two main themes have emerged from the study. The themes along with the respective sub- themes are: 1. Personal challenges (domestic and family responsibilities, lack of family support, role conflict and identity, work-life balance and non-acceptance, physical and mental health implications, and social stigma). 2. Professional challenges (limited opportunity and inter-gender challenges, acceptance by male members, and improper infrastructure facilities) Key Words Women police, challenges

Remedies Under International Trade Law: A Blocked Road For Developing Countries

Sheikh Inam Ul Mansoor

Research Scholar, School of Law and Governance, Rajasthan

The study of remedies under the WTO legal system is closely linked to the concept of state responsibility in international law, which specifies acts that a state is required to undertake or the degree to which a state may be held accountable for any conduct or omission that is unlawful under treaty law or customary international law. International law’s principles of redress complement WTO remedies to the degree that they do not “contract out.” As a result, while looking at WTO remedies, one should begin by looking to international law remedies, namely the well-established concept of state liability under customary and general international law. As a result, we’d have a better grasp on the possible remedies accessible to an aggrieved WTO Member who has violated its responsibilities. If you violate someone’s rights, you may seek retribution from the government by taking legal action. Procedure and substance are two ways to think about remedies. There are two concepts here: first, the process by which injury or violations are heard and decided upon; and second, the outcome of that proceeding, i.e, the relief granted to the successful claimant. General international law or the norms of adjudication in specialised regimes may offer the procedural element of redress. With respect to substantive aspects of remedies sought for violations, the State may seek “termination of the illegal conduct, fulfilment of responsibilities owed, return to pre-breach situations, compensation for damage suffered” or “a declaration of legal right and duty.”

Terrorism And Its Forms In The Present Scenario

Rituraj Basumatary

MPhil Research Scholar, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Guwahati, Assam

Terrorism and its forms in the present scenario Rituraj Basumatary MPhil Research Scholar Tata Institute of Social Sciences Guwahati Abstract Terrorism has no universal definition. Some people say that terrorism is a kind of violence related to politics, i.e. political violence. Others say that terrorism means creating fear in the minds of people. Some of the definitions by Indian scholars relates terrorism to gun culture. However in most of the political science textbooks, terrorism has been defined as a threat to human security. Security generally means freedom from any kinds of threat. There are two notions of security, which are traditional security and non-traditional security. Traditional security comes from military threats to one country by another country. Non-Traditional security go beyond military threats to cover a wide range of threats which are affecting the conditions of human existence. Terrorism is rightly a non-traditional security.

Women, Food Security And Governance

Sania Jamal

Research Scholar, Jamia Millia Islamia, University, New Delhi

The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) and then the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) had already set a challenge to wipe out malnutrition and food insecurity from the world. The world witnessed a high rate of alarming hunger and undernourished people living under extreme poverty and vulnerable conditions. The situation has been triggered more by the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. United Nations (UN) defines food security as ‘availability and accessibility of sufficient nutritious food at all times in a dignified manner’. The role of respective governments and various food related organizations had a very crucial role towards the achievement of full-fledged food and nutritional security. India, from time to time, has initiated its targeted policies and programs to obtain the necessary food security for its citizens. The governance of food security had become more vibrant with the inclusion of women along with the implementation of National Food Security Act 2013 in the country. The paper highlights the importance, issues and challenges related to the food security in India with a special reference to women’s food security.

‘New’ Threats For Human Security: Recent Trends

Priyadarshini Goenka

Student, National Law University, Odisha

The concept of human security has expanded our vision of the notion of security. The impact is easily accessible in terms of direct humanitarian costs of violent conflict wherein no one takes further accountability of indirect social, economic, health-related, and environmental consequences such assessment becomes much more complicated. The shift in focus from the initial state to the individual as the core object acknowledges the fact that intra-state conflicts including civil wars, political violence, diseases, or poverty are otherwise considered as greater threats to humans than inter-state wars. However, the concept has not brought a paradigm shift in terms of international security policy. But human security is most likely to remain within the parameters of political relevance even after recent changes in its strategic framework. Addressing the diversified nature of threats to human security concerns requires the development of a more comprehensive and logically consistent understanding of human security.

A Study Of Human Rights Of Transgender

Dr. Priyadarshini Purohit

Assistant Professor, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan

Sakshi Rathi

Research Scholar, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan

Security plays a vital element in human lives as it provides a sense of certainty and assurance to live a peaceful and dignified life. Just like national security is regarded as a duty of the government to prevent and safeguard its national boundaries and its citizenry, human security is also now given a centre of attention due to the widespread hardship humans are being subjected to. Though, the adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights set out a legal obligation on states to ensure that humans are not denied the basic human rights inherent to all of us. Despite such protection and legal obligations transgender is one such marginalized community, who are still struggling to get recognized as humans. There is no universal definition of transgender but however in general parlance those individuals whose personal characteristics, appearance and behavior fall outside the stereotypical gender norms are considered as transgender. Within this context this article aims to analyze the prejudicial treatment the transgender community in India is grappling with and how such these deliberative and discriminatory practices instigate an attack on their human security.

Health And Governance

Dr. Babu Lal Devanda

HoD, Department of Political Science, Agarwal P. G. College Jaipur Rajasthan

For better understanding the challenges in governing healthcare providers, it is useful to extend the governance debate beyond the service provider models to health financing and funding structures (amongst many other aspects like pharmaceuticals, teaching, research, etc). This aspects had been deliberately left out by Saltman and Duran, while acknowledging their importance.Regardless of how funds are collected and pooled, any publicly organized financing scheme faces the challenge of “prudent purchasing,”ie, how to spend the available means in a way that satisfies concerns around responsiveness, quality, equity and efficiency while preserving clinical autonomy and allowing for developing innovative forms of diagnosis and treatment. Governing fund pooling, resource allocation, health service purchasing, together with health service provision is an important element in achieving such critical, and, at times, conflicting aims.There is an intense debate about how a governance model for providers might look like.We strongly believe the prevailing logic of neoliberalism with its promise of more efficiency and stipulating a major role for market-oriented healthcare does not mean to leave the markets alone but rather requires strong governance arrangements. Focussing on efficiency and treating the patient as a customer has an important role in many standard healthcare encounters, especially those which are non-acute and non-life-threatening – a fact that the medical profession still struggles to accept. It is here, where approaches like “performance-based payments” might be put to a good use. Where appropriate (and measurable), paying for high quality care can help in developing a culture of quality and fostering innovation and collaboration. However, effectiveness, empathy and professional dedication remains a non-substitutable priority in case of emergency and acute care, assigning cost-savings a lower priority. This is where market forces can be destructive. Appeals only to the rational “economic man” within the clinician and fostering self-interest by paying bonuses for achieving targets might actually damage the motivational fabric of those providing care and finding reward from being intrinsically motivated.If I pay a doctor for immunizing children but not for counselling the mothers, I will affect the way this doctor is allocating his time, disconcerting health outcomes.

Academic Stress, Emotional Intelligence And Mental Health In Relation To Scholastic Achievements Among Medical & Engineering Students And Governmental Response

Basit Javeed Qureshi

Research Scholar, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

In today’s highly competitive world, medical and engineering students face various academic problems including exam stress, disinterest in attending classes and inability to understand the subject. Academic stress has been identified as a detrimental issue across various countries culture and ethnic groups. The increase in stress has given rise to various mental health concerns where these students report increased anxiety, depression and even suicidal ideations. Certain levels of academic stress is known to push students towards performing well; commonly known as eustress, if it is not managed well and exceeds the optimum level it can have direct consequences for the students as well as the institution. At medical and engineering colleges there is a range of academic pressure feel, derived from a need for perfection, worry over grades, parental pressure, competition and a tough class load. The academic stress will directly have impact on the scholastic achievement of aforementioned students. There is a strong relationship between the emotional intelligence with anxiety and the stress. There should be strong discussion on what happens to the emotional intelligence when there is increase in academic stress among professional students. The situation caused by academic stress and its impact on medical and engineering students is alarming and it is high time to streamline the governmental policies and strategies regarding them.

Addressing The Impact Of Climate Change On Human Security

Nirupama A. K.

Research Scholar, University of Kerala, Kerala

The most challenging threats like climate change have impacted the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe. Climate change is a “threat multiplier” and essentially a human and national security risk. The complex causes and consequences of climate change require comprehensive, integrated strategies that identify entry points for collaborative action to mitigate its impacts on people. Governments along with civil society organisations have attained massive responsibilities in this situation. By placing people at the centre, the human security approach encourages broad participation that provides detailed insights into the varying challenges faced by different groups within communities and regions. The human security framework helps international, national and local actors to better coordinate responses to climate change. This paper will focus on the aspects related to governance mechanisms and climate change in the human security context in general and also specifically on India.

Apprehending The Plight Of Women During The Conflicts- A Study Of Khushwant Singh'S 'Delhi- A Novel

Nancy Paul

Assistant Professor, CT University Ludhiana, Punjab

Priyanka Marwaha

Research Scholar, CT University Ludhiana, Punjab

Conflicts and wars ruin lives, families, livelihoods, and the economy, but most importantly, it threatens gender security. It disproportionately affects young girls and women making them more susceptible to all kinds of violence and exploitation. This paper critically analyses men's debasing and lascivious attention towards young girls and women during the war and how they have been reduced to mere sexual objects in Khushwant Singh's Delhi A Novel. The chosen novel is Singh's fourth work- an extensively irreverent magnum opus on Delhi's becoming and unbecoming over the centuries. After a thorough reading of the selected text, relevant quotations and passages have been cited as textual evidence. the research findings indicate that the text understudy affirms that men have brutally assaulted and suppressed female characters in the novel time and again to establish their masculine powers.

Beekeeping - Its Bearing On Human Security, Eliminating Poverty In The Path Of Sdgs In North East Region, India

Dr Sukamal Deb

Dy Chief Executive Officer, North East Region In-charge, Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Ministry of Micro Small Medium Enterprises, Government of India

Efforts to alleviate of poverty, keeping ethos of sustainable development goals (SDGs) have bearing towards Human Security. Beekeeping is an activity that can address couple of SDGs. It includes eliminating poverty, organizing climate action. We study the impact of beekeeping programme of KVIC in North East Region(NER), India based on primary and secondary data. It can go long way in augmenting income and is gaining popularity worldwide. Honey Bees are nature’s most industrious and fascinating creature. Rapid deforestation is a threat to them. Beekeeping is an industry with so many benefits, it increases the yields of crops and helps in maintenance of ecological balance. Assuming Sustainable Development path it supplements organic farming. It reduces poverty, hunger and helps reducing gender inequality. Beekeeping encourages ecological awareness and maintenance of biodiversity. It has special relevance for NER.

Border Studies: Human Security Perspective Of Indo-Nepal Borderlands

Shailen Verma

Assistant Professor, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Uttar Pradesh

Most of the nation-states are authoritarian-developmental in nature. These states are heavily contested in borderlands spaces on the issue of nationality, securitization, and citizen-state control. Therefore, in the post-globalized period, borders redefined the national interests, relationship with neighbors, and raised questions about mobilities and security in the region. In this context, the present study highlights some of these processes and interactions taking place at the periphery of the state. The idea of a ‘border zone’ or ‘borderlands’ is not monitored by arms, military-police power, though, a support zone constrained by a few monitoring operators. The occupation of territory is fundamental to state sovereignty and nationality. But exclusive command over territory also implies the unwillingness to share it with ‘others’. The state creates its markers within which its ‘self’ disengages from the ‘alien’. Patterns of borderland divided into two general categories; 1. National Borderland (Alienation) 2. Transnational Borderland (Co-existence) At certain historical junctures, these markers are called ‘frontiers’, ‘boundaries’, and ‘borders’ (Samaddar, 2008). This study finds shape in totality by combining all elements and identified as ‘Model of Borderland Milieu’ (Martinez, 1994).

Challenges Of Women’s Security During Covid Scenario In Rural Areas Of Kamrup District, Assam

Chinmoyee Borpujari

Assistant Professor, Mariani College, Assam

In the current scenario, the global pandemic has led to many challenges in socio economic sector of the society. COVID-19 has not left any part of the world untouched and India is one of the worst affected countries in the world. It is well-documented that during a natural disaster or a pandemic, domestic violence against women is already widespread and under-reported in India. Now, at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, the United Nations recognises domestic violence against women as a “shadow pandemic”. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a huge spike in domestic violence against women in many countries worldwide and India is not an exception to it. The National Commission for Women has reported a large increase in distress calls from victims of domestic violence since the pandemic broke out. The present study is an attempt to study the problems relating to the violence and threat to security faced by women population of the rural areas of Kamrup district, Assam during the COVID-19 pandemic scenario and to explore necessary steps toward mitigation of this challenges.

Child Security Threats: Recent Trends

Dr. Seema Ojha

Assistant Professor, Govt. Maharani Sudarshana Girls College, Bikaner, Rajasthan

Dr. Shraddha

Assistant Professor, Govt. Maharani Sudarshana Girls College, Bikaner, Rajasthan

With the fast paced development of everything around us, the children today are being exposed to much more than what they were before. Be it social media, early childhood development, premature brain development, it is believed that due to this fast paced development, they are facing issues every day. While the children of the well off families face the issues of cyber bullying leading them to feeling insecure, isolation from their parents and being too involved with social media, the children of the poor families are worse off. Along with these issues, they also face the problems because of the lack of a proper medium of education, poverty leading to malnutrition and under development, lack of money leading them to turn to the world of crime and underworld. Also, the lack of support from families has been seen as the major issue that leads to a feeling of insecurity and disorientation in the minds of children of both the genders. Discrimination and harmful practices against the girl child vary depending upon cultural context. For instance, intentional abortion of female fetuses and female infanticide are common practices in East and South Asian countries where sons are strongly preferred. India and China have a significant sex-ratio imbalance in their populations as a result of these practices, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA, 2005). In India such practices are reinforced by the perception that daughters are an economic burden on the family. They do not significantly contribute to the family income and large dowries may be expected by in-laws when the girl marries. In China, sex selectivity and abandonment of infant girls have increased dramatically since the enactment of the one-child policy in 1989. Prenatal sex selection is more common where modern medical technology is readily accessible and open to misuse. According to the UNFPA 2004 report, sex-selective abortion and female infanticide have resulted in at least 60 million “missing” girls in Asia. The shortage of females in some Asian countries has led to other problems, such as increased trafficking in women for marriage and sex work. Despite government programs and efforts to end such practices with education, financial incentives and threat of punishment, sex-selective abortion and female infanticide continue.

Community Participation Through Ecotourism: Assessing State And Non-State Governance In The Umswai Valley Of Assam

Koumudi Mahanta

Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Ecotourism has emerged as a prominent word in the twenty-first century that seeks to bring together local communities, sustainable practices and awareness for the conservation of nature. In the past few years, the northeastern states of India in general and Assam in particular has seen both the state and non-state actors taking initiatives in a myriad of ways to facilitate tourism as well as empower local populations in the region. Scholars like Sanjiv Baruah, V. K. Kumar and others have noted how there exists a new form of governance entailing these initiatives. Situating itself within these debates, the present paper would try to understand the ongoing process of building the Umswai Valley in Assam as an upcoming ecotourism destination. It adopts a critical look at tourism and community participation to explore how they are tied to larger issues of rights, human security, social justice, to name a few.

Corporate Governance & “Saam-Daam-Dand-Bhed” Policy Of Kautilya

Sandeip Khakase

Visiting Faculty, Amity Institute of Liberal Arts, Mumbai, Maharashtra

‘Ex fida bona’, Corporate Governance, a buzzword of 21st Century, mainly revolves around the application of ethical practices for protecting the interests of all stakeholders. The concept, though emerged in the west, has spread across the globe in the last three decades, and India is not an exception. India, a country of sages, has not only contributed to humanities and philosophies, but also to administration and management; ‘Kautilya’, also known as ‘Chanakya’ or ‘Vishnugupta’ has been claimed to be ‘Management Guru’ for proposing administrative principle (‘Niti’) in his treatise “Arthashastra”. Inter alia, “Saam Daam Danda Bhed” principle of Kautilya which means “conciliation-gifts-punishment-divide and rule” has been credited for its applicability and contemporary relevance. With this literature review based paper coupled with empirical research, a humble attempt is made to understand one of the pivotal principles of Kautilya, “Saam Daam Dand Bhed” in respect to Corporate Governance. “Saam Daam Danda Bhed” principle, does it lack moral or ethical aspects?, could be incorporated in the business? and whether such practices will be accepted under corporate governance principles? These questions are tried to be answered.

Corruption-Human Security-Governance Nexus : Does Human Development Matter?

Sneha Singh

Assistant Professor, St. Xavier's University, Kolkata, West Bengal

Sovik Mukherjee

Assistant Professor, St. Xavier's University, Kolkata, West Bengal

Without the effective presence of good governance mechanisms, people can’t fully participate i.e. human security gets compromised, and unless people and communities are empowered to let their voices be heard or to participate in decision-making, good governance is not possible and hence there is a possibility that corruption might go unabated – the trivariate nexus. The main objective of the paper is to relate this trivariate nexus with the level of human development for a mix of 100 developed-developing and under-developed countries. In this backdrop, based on a panel data set-up between 2010-2020 for this cross-country mix, the paper identifies that corruption (measured by Corruption Perceptions Index), human security (measured by Human Security Index) and governance (measured by Worldwide Governance Indicators) have significant effect on human development (measured by inequality adjusted HDI) and the direction of the causality runs from the focus variables to human development.

Covid-19 Pandemic And Governance: Issues And Challenges In India

Arshad Bhat

Post-Doctoral Research Associate. Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Kashmir

This study assessed implications of the Coronavirus pandemic on key parameters of Indian Economy by using the data set of STATISTA. Results show that the economy experienced several shocks and setbacks due to the COVID-19 crisis. Food security and dietary quality worsened, as measured by the food insecurity experience scale and the frequency of consumption of nutritionally-rich foods. The income of the people has deteriorated by several percentage points, the unemployment has crossed the 7.5 benchmark, the exports have decreased, inflation has crossed the limits, production had decreased, GDP has worsened than ever in the country, and health infrastructure has exposed the tall claims of the government. The study reveals that the income-poor households and those dependent on labour income were more vulnerable to income shock, and had poorer food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to other respondent categories. As such, they were more likely to employ food-based coping strategies compared to those pursuing alternative livelihoods, who generally relied on savings. Farmers were less likely to experience worsened food security compared to other respondent categories who depended to a great extent on market sources for food. The study suggest that ongoing and future government responses should focus on structural changes in social security by developing responsive packages to cushion members pushed into poverty by such pandemics while building strong financial institutions to support the recovery of businesses in the medium term

Covid-19 Pandemic And It’S Impact On Migrant Workers’ Livelihood: An Observation On India

Manas Kumar Behera

Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

The worldwide spread of the novel coronavirus associated with an acute respiratory disease called COVID-19 was first reported from Wuhan in China in December 2019. The COVID-19 transmission has been spared rapidly, that attributed to unprecedented migration and creation of a catastrophic situation. Within a span of time, most of the countries came under the COVID-19 contamination. It not only affected the health condition but also severely impacted the State’s economy, trade, travel, transport, education, and infrastructure development. In order to prevent the spread of Coronavirus, the Govt of India had used lockdown as a preventive measure. Though the imposition of lockdown has positively given the success to maintain social distance and mass gathering, at the same time, it has brought a negative impact on the socio-economic livelihoods of migrant workers. Being daily wage workers, they have depended on daily paid work, which was stopped during the lockdown period. Due to the lack of income sources and travel restrictions, they have faced a lot of difficulties in terms of food insecurity, economic stress, lack of health care, and price rising has affected the migrant workers basic amenities. This paper is intended to study the impact of COVID-19 on the socio-economic life of the migrant worker and evaluate the pro-active role of Govt to mitigate these issues. This study has tried to explore the problems critically in the efforts of Govt to tackle the crisis.

Cyber Security Awareness Of Students Pursuing Higher Education: A Case Study Survey Of New Alipore College

Dr Amartya Saha

Assistant Professor, New Alipore College, Kolkata, West Bengal

The pandemic forced an unforeseen lockdown in different places across the world. In India, the lockdown extended in phases as the situation unfolded with its own complexities. Higher Educational Institutions across India and the world shifted to an online pedagogy. The challenges were unique in India. There was first a necessity of access, for the students and teachers to be online from home. There was also an urgent need to adopt to an online teaching-learning process. The education system in Higher Education Institutions across the world deal with sensitive data about students, their results, curriculum, and a safe and secure environment is essential for the smooth functioning of online education. The students are one of the most important stakeholders of the Higher Educational Institutes. This calls for a need to assess the awareness of cyber security among students pursing Higher Education in these institutes. Without developing a sense of cyber security hygiene, the students would be left vulnerable to the security threats. Case study survey research has been conducted in an undergraduate college in Kolkata, New Alipore College. 556 students from the college took the survey. The research paper focuses on finding out whether the students have basic cybersecurity awareness. It tries to find out if the students take active steps to protect themselves online. It also tries to understand if the students verify information that they receive online. The findings of this study will help us understand the cybersecurity challenges in Higher Educational Institutions in India from the student’s perspective.

Data Driven Policy-Making And Digital Governance For Enhancing Human Security In India

Dr. Gyana Ranjan Panda

Assistant Professor, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan

Since 2014, there is noticeably change in the way public service delivery and programmatic interventions have been conducted in India. The guiding mantra of “minimum governance and maximum governance” under Modi Government have brought the data-driven policy making into focus which have limited the administrative discretions, political paternalism and corruptions as regards to public service delivery to beneficiaries. India has always confronted with the multi-dimensional challenges of human security and governance failures as regards to citizen ability to reduce poverty, effective utilisation of public provisioning, and unleashing capabilities as regards to livelihood opportunities. The lack of adequate data and evidences have had huge role in precipitating such challenges. In the ages of big data and rapid digitalisation of Indian society, the policy making discourses have been reinvigorated towards primacy of data driven policy-making and governances. The Economic Survey (2018-19) in the Chapter Four articulated the applicability of big-data in big way from citizen perspectives by paraphrasing the title as the “Data of the People, by the People and for the People”. It is a welcome embrace of data-driven policymaking and development process in enhancing human security Indian economy. The data deluge generated at the unprecedented scale both at the national and international level underlines the need for treating data as the “public good” (Economic Survey: 81). The use of big-data as core policy tool intends to help in the effective programme implementation and bringing the service delivery at citizens and beneficiary doorsteps. The paper, while recognizing need for the overwhelming data uses, attempts to demystify the concept of big-data, establishes the interlinkages with public policy and digital governance in India while addressing human security and governance issues in the country.

Deterring The ‘Boat People’: The Domestic And Regional Dimensions Of Australia’S Policy Towards Asylum Seekers

Biplab Debnath

Assistant Professor, Tripura University, Tripura

Uncontrollable movement of people resulting from conflicts, political oppression or economic hardships is one of the most pressing challenges plaguing the international community today. Consequently, nation-states’ response to such challenges followed from a redefinition of insecurity from a state-centric to a non-state centric one. This has been the case with Australia, as there has been a reconceptualisation of source of insecurity from nations to people, with asylum seekers, or what is referred to as the 'boat people, dominating the country’s discourse on protecting its borders. For Australia, such conceptions also have a strong historical continuity of deep-rooted anxieties from the fear of the foreigners as evident from exclusionary policies of ‘White Australia’ to recent assertions of the nation’s exclusive sovereignty over the refugee intake. In this regard, the paper will examine Australia’s response to asylum seekers from the domestic and regional levels. The paper seeks to place Australia’s deterrence policy and its domestic politicisation of the “asylum seeker” in the context of human rights conventions and the notion of ‘good international citizenship.

Economic Tools Derived From Plants To Face Bioterrorism

Arti Ghabru

Assistant Professor, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag Mandi, Himachal Pradesh

Whether naturally occurring or man-made, biological threats pose an unadorned risk in world. Biological warfare agents may be more compelling than conventional and chemical weapons. During the past era, the progress made in biotechnology and biochemistry has simplified the development and production of such weapons. Plant biosystems are easy to scale up and inexpensive, and they do not require refrigeration or a sophisticated medical infrastructure. Regarding the context, the implementation of plant-made biopharmaceuticals in the developing world is an unescapable event. At the same time, it is fundamental to invest in technical platforms able to cut down the time to tailor the eventual vaccine candidate to be effective to the epidemic. Plant Molecular Farming and improved genetic vaccines capable of plant sequences with immune-modulating activity, represent two promising approaches for the rapid and affordable production of countermeasures against emerging and bioterrorism-related infections.

Education And E-Governance:A Sustematic Literature Review

Dr.Ruchi Jain

Associate Professor, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, Rajasthan

Governance is the utilizing of economical,political and managerial expert in all level of a country's management. It incorporates the components, cycles and organizations through which residents intercede their disparities, articulate their interests and exercise their freedoms and commitment. Simultaneously, today PC(personal computer) helped correspondence is assimilated by the institutions for both conventional as well as distant education and it is dispersed from one side of the planet to the other. Hence in this research paper two significant issues education and e-governance are talked about and an attempt has been made to undertake a detailed study of several research papers published during the past several years on e- governance and education. The examination adopts a systematic approach to review the published research papers and review has been performed on the basis of several factors such as year of publication,journal where paper is published and conclusions drawn. This literature analysis helps to recognize the important research space in the selected field.

Educational Service Delivery: Role Of Common Service Centres ( Cscs) In Changing Rural Society In To A Digitally Empower Society

Dr Sunita Chaudhary

Post Doctoral Fellow (ICSSR), University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Educational Service Delivery : Role of Common Service Centres (CSCs) in Changing Rural Society in to a Digitally Empower Society Dr. Sunita Choudhary Post Doctoral Fellow (ICSSR) Department of Political Science University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Email: ms.sunita.choudhary02@gmail.com Mobile : 9828267854 India has the world's largest population in the age group of 5 to 24 years. It has more than fifty crore people in the age group of 25 to 59 years, which constitutes the working population and is expected to continuously increase even as the world's working population ages and diminishes. The phenomenon will make India a supplies of workforce to the entire world. In the wake of this reality, the Indian education system should therefore be able to produce a workforce which is glob ally competitive and thus reap its demographic dividend. The common service centres (CSCs) can play a major role in enhancing the spread of education and producing an employable workforce in India. The focus of this paper is on the use of CSCs in educational service delivery in Rural Areas.

E-Governance And Education : A Systematic Literature Review

Jyoti Jain

Research Scholar, IIS(Deemed to be University), Jaipur, Rajasthan

Governance is the utilizing of economical, political and managerial expert in all level of a country's management. It incorporates the components, cycles and organizations through which residents intercede their disparities, articulate their interests and exercise their freedoms and commitment. Simultaneously, today PC(personal computer) helped correspondence is assimilated by the institutions for both conventional as well as distant education and it is dispersed from one side of the planet to the other. Hence in this research paper two significant issues education and e-governance are talked about and an attempt has been made to undertake a detailed study of several research papers published during the past several years on e- governance and education. The examination adopts a systematic approach to review the published research papers and review has been performed on the basis of several factors such as year of publication,journal where paper is published and so on.This literature analysis helps to recognize the important research space in the selected field.

Empowering Transgender People In Post-Independent Odisha: A Study On Policy Perspective

Subhasandhya Sahoo

Research Scholar, Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur, Odisha

The globalized world has been marked with high development in every aspect; still, some sections remain in invisible form. In the developmental and egalitarian society, the question is always raised whether every section in the society get respectful life or not? Transgender people are one of the discriminated sections which are continuously struggling for their existence. There is a need to realize their inherent capability and provide the scope to develop their skill. The government has taken various progressive policies but has failed to change the outlook and attitude towards transgender people. So, as long as social identity and recognition are not practised in reality in transgender's life, the legal recognition and welfare policies become meaningless. In this paper, the researcher has focused on various social security policies taken by the Odisha government in the post-independent era to empower transgender people. The study tried to put Iris Marion young's social justice framework and Amartya Sen's capability approach to understand the empowerment of transgender people and adopted an opportunity and scope-based model instead of only focusing on the right based approach. This paper also critically analyses the efforts taken by the Odisha government, the problem behind the existence of social security policies, and the other initiatives required to empower the transgender people in Odisha. In this paper, the researcher intends to achieve a fair, equal and prosperous society by providing equal voice and participation opportunities. So, inclusive policies and programs can ensure dignity, liberty, equality and freedom for transgender people.

Engendered Environmental Peacebuilding In Tibet, Northeast India And Bangladesh

Vani Bhardwaj

Postgraduate Student, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

The paper delineates the simultaneous construction of nature and that of British colonial governance in the Northeast, being its frontier. Concomitantly, the developmental strategy of postcolonial Indian state marginalizes the various crosscutting gendered identities in the region, leading to emergence of post-development narratives at the grassroots. Environmental conflicts being one of the exacerbating drivers of conflict, ethnic-gendered identities need to be the analytical lenses in environmental peacebuilding across transnational region of Tibetan Plateau, Northeast India and Bangladesh, in specific light of the looming water conflicts in the transnational geopolitical space. In this template, through the lens of Women Environment Development (WED) and post-development, the paper concludes that the subaltern feminism of indigenous women remains marginalized as the primary modality in climate resilient peacebuilding and conflict mitigation measures in policy circles and needs to be advanced further. The paper concludes with methods and strategies to induce sustainable peace and conflict resolution.

Environmental Degradation Endangering Human Security: The South Asian Context

Dr Alka R Gupta

Associate Professor, Udai Pratap College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Environmental Degradation Endangering Human Security: The South Asian Context Dr Alka R Gupta Associate Professor and Head Department of Political Science Udai Pratap College, Varanasi. Email: arg55555@gmail.com Security is the primary drive behind the creation of state. Although the varieties of threats (external and internal) determine the security and insecurity of the nations but the view of their security is generally colored by their perception of threats and effectiveness. Military security threatens the state while human security threatens the survival and well being of each and every individual directly and indirectly both. Environmental Degradation is one of the biggest issues facing the world today that no nation can resolve alone survival of the human race at stake. The South Asian region’s volatile geological situation and high degree of mutual distrust and the potential for environmental degradation make it very much prone to various kinds of South Asia is extremely vulnerable to natural disasters, and a significant portion is exposed to more than one type of hazard. The nature is a common treasure of humanity and be consumed according to the spirit of sharing and caring and enough ought to be left for future generation while not forgetting nothing is beyond human Endeavour. There is an urgent need to make an all round comprehensive effort to immediately check environmental degradation ensuring the safety and wellbeing of mankind.

Gender Inclusion :Shift In Designing Policy

Suman Maurya

Assistant Professor, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Gender has a wide range of primary expressions. Gender studies is a broad interdisciplinary project different behavior associated with men and women betray the ideological underpinning of socialization into culturally specific understandings of family femininity and masculinity. Feminist Epistemology has been defined that vary from women's way of knowing or women knowledge to a more gender inclusive feminist knowledge to a more disciplinary a specific policy and gender have a contested relationship in western democracies. Declared goal is gender blind  policy and gender neutrality is embraced as a means to that end. A conventional and functional understanding of the policy process is that it involves well considered legislative and legal responses to social problem and social needs. The domain is public decision-making to regulate public activities citizens private lives are considered to be their own. gender becomes something to be bracketed off in designing policy. Re-visioning gender is the key shift from conceptualizing gender as an individual trait to focusing on gender as a principle of social organization. Neutrality means equal treatment of these two groups gender mainstreaming or gender sidelining is a shift in approach to institutional change. Gendering Democracy is a way of actualizing the principle of equality, solidarity justice and fairness which are part of union ideology.

Gender Security In Domestic Sphere: Issue & Challenges

Shreya Sharma

Research Scholar, University Of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

United Nation Security Council 1325 on 31 October 2000 recalled commitments of Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action as well as outcome document of twenty third session of United Nations General Assembly titled “Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for twenty first century”. It reaffirmed important role of women at decision making level in prevention of conflict and peace building and participation of women in maintenance and promotion of peace and security. It needs to be underlined that UN Security Council consolidates data on impact of armed conflict on women and children including refugees and internally displaced persons. In Indian perspective, after two decades United Nation adopted landmark women, peace and security (WPS) agenda, India along with other countries are yet to develop WPS women action plan. Even after two decades, India is far from adopting national action plan. It can be argued that the absence of National Action Plan in this context within India likely happened because of its long-standing concerns about international community violating its sovereignty. The paper addresses such issues within the broader context of gender, security and governance.

Good Governance Through Skill Development And Its Success Rate With Respect To Employment And Income Generation

Boby Narayan

Research Scholar, Rabindra Nath Tagore University, Madhya Pradesh

Pay is cash procured by an individual or a business in return for work, the arrangement of an item or administration, or the speculation of capital. An annuity, an administration installment, or a gift can all add to an individual's pay. In any event, when the economy is progressing admirably, unemployment is an issue that continually comes. Unemployment keeps the economy from arriving at its full result potential. Work will ascend because of the inundation of new organizations and expanded open positions. Individuals will have more pay to spend. India's expertise advancement programs across five states, acquiring new abilities can raise pay by 21% and preparing programs support work rates for ladies more than guys, regardless of ladies procuring 20% not exactly their male partners. Monetary development, pay dispersion, and conveyance changes all influence neediness lightening. Both development and pay dispersion can be affected by administration. The predominant market-upgrading administration worldview intends to further develop market effectiveness through 'great administration' changes, apparently to animate or support development. Spreading your revenue streams is an incredible way to deal with get more cash-flow while bringing down your danger. There are an assortment of ways of bringing in cash contingent upon your range of abilities and the schedule you can work. We can say that the nature of work for gifted specialists has additionally improved, with a significant number of them getting position contracts, admittance to a benefits plan, and an ordinary 8-hour work day. The MGNREGA has started a great cycle for the strengthening of the poor by reacting to individuals' fights about destitution by acquainting a right-based methodology with neediness lightening as arrangement of rustic work ensure under India's established design

Good Governance: Protection Of Child Rights

Sanagavarapu Tejasri

Research Scholar, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh

Children are the future custodians of sovereignty, rule of law, - justice, liberty, equality, fraternity and finally international peace and security. They are the potential embodiment of our ideals, aspirations, ambitions, future hopes. On a position where children were treated as non-entity and where conscientious efforts have been made to not only make them free from exploitation and abuses but also enable them to develop their full potentiality with fair access to food, health, education and respect. The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child which is the first international treaty that defines the basic rights of the children. A Safe Childhood is a human right. They are recruited into armed forces. They are subjected to the death penalty, are disappeared, are punished by cruel and inhuman methods and suffer many other forms of violence. The aim of this study is to critically evaluate how effectively the child rights violation can be prevented and to provide the needed directions to the parents and Government about their responsibilities to guarantee the rights of the child and also to reduce the vulnerability of children in harmful situations.

Green Technology And Sustainable Development: Emerging Trends Of Electric Cars.

Nutan Marian Tigga

Assistant Professor, Jadavpur University, West Bengal

Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions, which cause global warming, have become a major worldwide concern with ten global ‘mega’ challenges that are currently impacting the planet in particular climate change, water, energy, and material resource scarcity. Increase in urbanization rate will continue to increase its need for natural resources, building materials, power and electricity, water. In the present scenario, green technologies are playing significant role in changing the course of nation’s economic growth towards sustainability and providing an alternative socio-economic model that will enable present and future generations to live in a clean and healthy environment, in harmony with nature. Green technology, which is also known as clean technology, refers to the development and extension of processes, practices, and applications that improve or replace the existing technologies facilitating society to meet their own needs while substantially decreasing the impact of human on the planet, and reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. This paper will focus on the electric cars and how their conception in reality is changing the course of fuel emission, saving energy, its impact on environment and sustainable development.

Half-Widows In Kashmir: The Victims Of Conflict & Society

Dr. Anjum Ara Shamim

Assistant Professor, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

Imran Ahmad Khan

Research Scholar, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

The armed conflict in Jammu & Kashmir has given rise to a category of women called as 'Half-widows'. These are women whose husbands have gone missing in the on-going armed conflict of over thirty years now, in the region. This paper presents a picture of economic, legal, social and psychological implications of half-widowhood in the cultural context of the region. It focuses on their experience of loss, ostracism and stigma faced by them, and their struggle for survival and justice.

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Health Care System In India

N. Rojarani

Research Scholar, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh

Matam Siva Linga Murthy

Research Scholar, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh

According to our Indian constitution right to health is the basic fundamental right it will distributes to everyone equally there is no discrimination under the constitution. The constitution recognized that the health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest cooperation of individuals and states. But after the Covid-19 pandemic the scenario changed. We can divide two things here before Covid -19 and after the covid-19, After Covid-19 general public is giving priority to money instead of giving responsibility towards the other, in this case Covid -19 is not just a public crisis but also a humanitarian crisis. Based on this I am going to concentrate on few of the issues which is relating to the health and governance. what is the health care system we adopted, how efficiently it’s working and how effectively we are implementing the health care polices and measures, what constitute good health, how it is delivered and by whom, how much we are spending the amount only for health care sector. These are issues we are going to deal in my main paper. While implementing the health care as a proper manner we need to adopt few important things one responsibility, 2nd resilient and fair.

Human Security & Good Governance

Dr. Pratima Bhardwaj

Assistant Professor, Political Science, L.B.S. PG College Jaipur

After more than 50 years of independence, India’s achievements in regard to life expectancy, literacy, health, and poverty alleviation compares unfavourably with many other developing countries. This paper analyses the processes of deregulation, liberalization, and new economic reforms undertaken in India as a response to the World Bank prescription of globalization and competitiveness since 1991. The paper also examines the impact of these policies on the problems of governance and administrative reforms, and to what extent the emerging system of governance and economic reforms has been successful in alleviating poverty, reducing unemployment, and providing welfare activities - the necessary ingredients towards promoting human security. Finally, some policy strategies are suggested for adoption in India to meet the challenges of governance and to promote human security in the context of globalisation and liberalisation of the economy.

Human Security And Contributions Of Indian Space Programme

Baruna Kumar Behera

Assistant Professor, Khallikote Unitary University, Berhampur, Odisha

Human security stands for freedom from fear and freedom from want. The concept of human security encompasses traditional as well as new versions of security. Freedom from fear denotes physical security of a state while freedom from want stands for fulfillment of minimum economic necessity. The idea of human security came to the forefront in 1990s after the end of cold war; however it can be observed that Indian Space Research Organisation has been dedicated to this philosophy since its inception. Human security is nothing but a smart version of security encompassing both defence and development dimensions of security. Space programme of India has been capable to serve defence and development needs of India, thereby contributing to the ability of India in ensuring human security of its citizens. This paper seeks to analyze development and defence capability of space programme of India, which has created a unique position for India in the comity of nations

Human Security And Gender; Commonalities And Contradictions

Mohd Rafiq Noveroz

Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

The traditional model of National Security has neglected the threats that have emerged from the different socio-economic and political sources within the traditional state-system that women encounter daily in their lives .Human security approach questions the exclusive conceptualization of military security perpetuated by the dominant realist theory of international relations. Feminists have embraced the human security approach for the challenges it poses to the traditional State security model but they argue that it has not comprehensively addressed women's issues.This paper looks at the Commonalities and differences that human security theorists and feminists have on the issue of gender and will see if their differences can be reconciled for better policy recommendations.

Human Security And Governance An Analysis

Dr Megha Kumari

Assistant Professor, Sahibganj College Sabibganj, Jharkhand

Human security has been a very broad and debatable topic. Although its universal study was strengthened by the Human Development Report of 1994. The main contribution of which is believed to be Pakistani economist Mehboob-ul-Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen. The purpose of the present research paper is to analyze the various dimensions of human security such as social security, economic security, health security, environmental security, group security, political security and to analyze the reasons for the absence of security in the context of government and government policies. Through which it will be possible to shed light on the possible challenges before human security and important suggestions that can be proposed to ensure human security. The basis of the study of the present research paper will be the source and the research method will be descriptive and empirical.

Human Security And International Organizations

Manju Thakur

Assistant Professor, Rana Pratap P.G college Sultanpur

International organizations play an important role to secure human security. Today due to global,warming terrorism, natural calamities,humanity have to suffer a lot.Internataional organization play whital role to save human being form these assaults.Somalia, siycalon, Angola easter Timor, Nir Caryna, Rawanda etc.In these countries for the establishment of peace and human security cannot has performed so much to mutual misunderstanding conflicts and competition between different nations of the world human security became much necessary as to reduce these differences and make sure to secure human security International organization and organ of U.N.O play an important role.To promote positive environment throughout the world enhancing peaceful conference and meeting of various nations organised by international definitely Organisation promote Human security.

Human Security And Religion- A Case Of Kashmiri Pandits

Dr. Sunita Bhola & Noopur Jha

Assistant Professor, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Uttarakhand

While the entire Country apprehends the implication of Citizenship amendment Act, special interest groups protest against it citing reasons of exclusion and religious intolerance. However, the same special interest group resorts to an unjustified silence when the subject of dislocated Kashmiri Pandits comes up. This can rightly be called the worst case of religious intolerance and exclusion. The evacuation of Kashmiri Pandits is a tragic blow of profanity. For over three decades now, the community of Kashmiri Pandits have tried to forget the horrific treatment meted to them and their predecessors. Settled in different parts of the Country, they are still struggling to reconcile with the circumstance that made them completely evacuate their own land, their home. It all started with a much-orchestrated propaganda of special interest groups with alleged support from the erstwhile State Government, who without any fault of their own, ended up responsible for uprooting their inhabitants. This paper will attempt to look into the reasons for exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits- taking into account important individual narratives of victims and the literature associated with this subject. A sharp contrast shall be drawn between the then reaction and current reaction of religious minorities who so profusely reject current Government in the name of religious intolerance.

Human Security And State

Dr. Archana Singh

Assistant Professor, Maharaj Balwant Singh P.G. College, Gangapur , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

The alternative discourse that has emerged since the end of the Cold War focuses on human security. Whereas traditional international relations analysis of security focused on military threats to states, human security has expanded the discussion on vertical and horizontal axes. On the vertical one, it has extended the referent of security downward from states to individual human beings. Moreover, human security has extended the substance of security horizontally outwards from its focus on military affairs to embrace other issues, including criminality, the defence of human rights, economic threats, environmental threats and threats to health.16 There is substantial disagreement over how broad the category of threats covered under the concept of human security should be.17 Two general clusters have emerged. One embraces a narrow conception of human security, focusing on violent threats to the survival and integrity of the physical persons.18 The other takes a much broader and multi-dimensional view of threats to human beings, going well beyond violence.19 Proponents of this latter, broader view of human security point out that physical violence is far from the most significant threat to the survival and welfare of human beings. Fatalities from violence are dwarfed by those, for example, from disease and from famine. In another chapter in this volume, Liora Lazarus challenges the amalgamation of specific rights with reasonably clear meaning into an amorphous concept of the right to security. In her view, to move in that direction risks diluting the protections afforded to human beings. The proponents of a narrow view of human security offer an analogous argument: the broader the parameters of security and the fuzzier the boundaries, the less useful the concept of security is as an analytical and policy concept. In contrast, an understanding of security that emphasises freedom from the threat of physical violence avoids the diffusion of attention and of policy that is arguably implicit in broader conceptions. In addition, rolling concepts such as human development and basic rights into an overarching category of human security risks diverting attention and policy focus from those aspirations. Underlying this conceptual disagreement over the purview of human security is a competition for resources. The word ‘security’ carries a political and value content that privileges it in resource allocation. It is one thing to say that a policy is a matter of group interest or political preference and quite another to say that it is a matter of security. Appropriating the word, consequently, may enhance access to scarce resources. It is not surprising, therefore, that it is in the development community that the economic dimension of security is emphasised, in the health community that disease is highlighted, and so on. Human security concerns have been translated into numerous normative and legal developments. The acceleration of norm-setting regarding human security issues falls into three categories. In the first, we find a growing number of state treaty commitments regarding the security of civilians, both in conflict and in non-conflict situations. One example is the 1997 treaty banning the deployment, trade and production of anti-personnel landmines;20 another is the protocol on the recruitment of children into national armed forces;21 and a third is the earlier International Convention on Torture.22

Human Security And State

Twinkle Singhal

Student, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh

In terms of security rights, states have been very progressive and active and putting light on the inadequacies of humans and their related securities and insecurities. The meaning of security is being transformed but the fundamental purpose is to protect all the citizens. The present discourse reflects the change in global reality and the change in perspective goes along with it. It somewhere has caused us to rethink the principles of national sovereignty. With this, protection of people is the growing concern which has been reflected with this shift. Well in realism and contrast with gender, human (social animal) security is a substantial umbrella. Protecting national sovereignty and addressing the plight of violations of human rights has led to gain in momentum in recognition of the insecurity and security of humans and society.

Human Security Cries In Afghanistan: Role Of International Community

Aman Raj

Research Scholar, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Human Security is concerned with the safety of people and communities instead of the state. It is about the vulnerabilities of people and their communities. Firstly used in the Human Development Index Report in 1994 it recognises several dimensions of security such as Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear and Freedom to live in Dignity. One such case is Afghanistan, which is suffering from a humanitarian emergency. With the collapse of the republic government and capturing of power by the Taliban, the situation of the Afghan people became precarious. The cries, suffering and ordeals of people remained unheard. This condition needs the significant contribution and support of the international community. Hence, the paper tries to analyse the nature of human insecurities in Afghanistan and the constructive role of the International community

Human Security From The Lens Of Human Rights: An Analysis On Right To Life

Dr. Rajshree Dutta

Assistant Professor, Fakir Mohan University, Odisha

In the global debate on the changing meaning of security, human security has been established as a distinctive new concept, which broadens the idea of security in exceptional ways. Human security is not about states and nations, but about individuals and people. Human rights are an inherent part of human security. Human rights have been described as the center of human security and as a normative framework for human security. Article 21 is at the heart of the Constitution of India. It states that Right to Life and Liberty is one of the fundamental rights given to every human being in the country and it has to be protected. In line with this constitutional vision, all-inclusive people-centric security is inextricably linked to the guarantee of human rights protection enshrined in the Constitution. India like many other countries in the world has adopted different measures to protect right to life and has enacted a wide range of special laws that give powers to security forces but the concern is neglect of accountability. Borrowing from the tenets of the global human security concept as well as relocating the idea of national security within the context of the Constitution and international human rights frameworks, can also lend greater ideological clarity and stronger human rights learning to shape a new understanding of security and right to life in context of India. Therefore, based on the secondary sources, this paper intends to highlight the constitutional and legislative responses by the Indian government for safeguarding right to life, human rights violations by state agents, and bring out the challenges and the way forward for guaranteeing right to life, as one of the important indicator of human security.

Human Security In Foreign Policy: The Indian Perspectives

Subarna Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal

The end of Cold War in 1989 has changed the long termed notion of Security in the history of International Politics. Traditional military ways of making and sustaining peace and managing conflicts were greatly changed to Non-Traditional Security measures associated with various diplomatic channels. Post Soviet Union, the direction of the Indian Foreign Policy has also taken an obvious shift. Around the same time, due to the mounting economic burden, India has also introduced the Economic Liberalization Policy in early 1990s to its Union Budget. The mention of ‘Human Security’ in United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report in 1994 brought one new dimension to the concept of Non-Traditional Security. Looking at this definition of the Human Security by UNDP, one can relate it to the very basis of India’s relation with the world since independence, be it Panchsheel or declared policy of ‘no first strike’ of nuclear weapons. In this article, we will try to find out how the essence of Human Security remained at core with the changing dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy in recent years focusing on the South Asian region.

Human Security In The Post Covid-19 World

Dr. Mohd Younes Bhat

Assistant Professor, Government Degree College Kulgam-University of Kashmir, Kashmir

The post Covid-19 world has been a world of fragility and vulnerability of the human conditions all across the world. However, its greater fallout has been on the poor people and poorer countries. The world has seen global medical emergency, greater economic stagnation, inequality, food and medicine shortage, violences on women, migrants and refugees. The pandemic has not been limited to socio-economic sphere, it changed the geo-political geo-economic landscape of the global politics. The post Covid-19 world is reflecting growing autocracies, atomism, unilateralism and has reversed the global cooperation and multilateralism. Hence, the human security has become more vulnerable during the Covid-19 pandemic. What will the world look like after COVID-19? Many of the problems we will face in the next decade will simply be more extreme versions of those that we already confront today. This paper will try to unfold these all issues and would seek to analyse the emerging order of human securities in the Post Covid-19 pandemic. The paper will be based on analytical study.

Human Security In View Of Climate Change: Sustaining Environmental Concerns

Dr. Kamlesh Pritwani

Senior Faculty, Shri Ratanlal Kanwarlal Patni Government P.G. College, Kishangarh, Rajasthan

The issues of human security and conflict in relation to climate change have progressed to a place where they represent a recognized and important component in the climate change conversation and are being addressed in a diverse range of fora through meetings, reports and changes in policy. Climate change poses an immediate threat to national security, calling on the military to incorporate climate change into broader strategic thinking about high-risk regions. Climate change is referred to as a “threat multiplier” due to its potential to aggravate number of the current challenges faced in some fields, like infectious disease, terrorism and conflict over scarce resources. It can contribute to instability, lead to displacement and migration, worsen existing conflicts and threaten global security. Climate change threatens the lives and livelihoods of billions of people. Natural disasters, environmental degradation and extreme weather patterns interrupt harvests, deplete fisheries, erode livelihoods and spur infectious diseases. Demographic trends, migration and rapid urbanization converge with climate change, raising the stakes for those most vulnerable. Climate change can contribute to food insecurity and increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which can lead to massive displacement and migration and conflict over food, water and arable land and border disputes. This ultimately reflects a lack of security in the daily lives of people. As climate change impacts worsen and temperatures rise, the threats to security have the potential to become more projecting. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol comprise no reference to human security. Besides, when discussions on security and climate change at global level first took place almost ten years ago when the UN Security Council addressed the impacts of climate change on peace and security, the issue was still considered a “future” concern. Climate change also impacts on the infrastructure and territorial integrity of States, and, as such, is expected to influence national security policies. Through supporting community actions, the human security approach aims to reduce disaster risks, make sustainable use of environmental resources and foster peaceful, prosperous societies. Human security programmes have advanced in-depth analysis of the local context to understand the multidimensional consequences of climate change and its impact on the severity and distribution of risks and vulnerabilities. Programmes promote inclusive responses that address the social, economic and environmental impacts, help tailor disaster mitigation strategies to local capacities and resources and ensure local engagement in resilience-building efforts.

Human Security, Governance And Disaster Risk Preparedness Of Delhi Metro During Fire Hazard: A Case Study Of Central Secretariat Metro Station, New Delhi

Dr. Shweta Rani

Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi

Urban centers all over the world are known for their effective transport network that supports a huge population, stimulating the ease of movement of people and services. Such transport networks have successfully connected many parts of the city to one another. Delhi is one of the fastest growing urban centers in India, with a huge population base, and offering some of the best facilities to its people in terms of infrastructure i.e., transport in the form of transit system. In the last decade the people of Delhi witnessed the emergence of one of the world’s most extensive Urban Rapid Transit Systems, in the form of the Delhi Metro. In Delhi Metro with innumerable headcounts per day, the chances of a potential disaster or precisely a hazard are more than an actual disaster itself. Looking at the present situation of overcrowding in metro, human security is a major concern and the vulnerability of metro to a hazard cannot be ignored. A fire outbreak is one such disaster where its sudden outbreak might prove to be fatal and damage property permanently if not controlled in time. It can become more threatening at heavily crowded areas like the interchange metro station of Central Secretariat lying on the yellow line and connecting it with the Violet line. A fire outbreak can be referred to as a hazard if it is having the potential to cause large scale destruction, it becomes a disaster when the magnitude of this potential increases to a great extent along with the high intensity of damage and destruction. In light of preceding understanding, the present study tends to highlight the state of human security and associated fire management and control at metro stations simultaneously focusing on the levels of awareness among the commuters regarding the same. The study aims to assess the communication between the DMRC and the masses, highlighting how well are the masses able to decipher the guidelines issued by the DMRC, ensuring their security. The study is based on both primary and secondary data sources collected from various sources using stratified purposive sampling and aided by online survey and telephonic interviews using social media platforms. The result shows wide regional and spatial disparities in the awareness level among the commuters and DMRC staff members regarding the management and control of fire hazards. Also, people were not aware of the evacuation plans that had been put up at various points all throughout the metro station due to lack of effective communication between the masses and the DMRC. The paper aims to provide some innovative and meaningful suggestions like installation of big screens where the duration of the advertisement should coincide with the arrival time of next metro, issuing disaster management alerts at frequent intervals, display of a 3-D evacuation plan models, regular mock drills and conduct of workshops etc. The finding suggests that proper decision-making to these basic infrastructures can minimize human losses and can go a long way in maintaining a mutual trust between DMRC and their riders, thus ensuring human sustainability and maintaining human security.

Impact Of Covid 19 On Migrant Workers In Jammu And Kashmir

Dr. Anjum Ara Shamim

Assistant Professor, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

Dr. Sanjeda Warsi

Assistant Professor, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

Around four lakh migrant labourers show up in the Valley every year and work in farms, small scale industries, factories, brick kilns, saloons and construction companies. Due to spread of pandemic government decided to put some measures in place to control the spread. As a measure, the administration has already placed strict restrictions on the movement of people while sealing all borders and air traffic and has advised people not to move from their homes unnecessarily. As the harvesting season, which begins in September and lasts till November end, is at its peak, the mass exodus of the migrant labourers from the Valley could significantly hit the agriculture related activities In the wake of growing COVID-19 cases in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, many migrant workers who are stuck in the region were making desperate appeals to the government for food and transportation. This paper is an attempt to understand conditions of migrant workers during Covid -19

Impact Of Covid 19 Pandemic On Human Security And Education: An Empirical Study

Ritika Verma

Student, Department Of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab

COVID-19 pandemic affected the life of every person whether rich or poor, irrespective of class or caste, teacher or student, men or women. It affected the lives physically as well as socially through socio-economic disparities. The pandemic affected not only teaching and learning but the capacity to think, giving thought on logics, explorations, innovation, etc. of the young minds. Human security is basically a fusion of development and security in the community. As per the Census 2011, about 34.33% of the Indian population consists of youth, and in the current situation, this percentage is supposed to increase. COVID-19 has declined the level of scientific temperament of the youth and the society at large. The country needs people with the capacity to think independently, logically and critically and also to create knowledge for increasing the social security as a whole. This paper aims to know understand that how the pandemic is impacting the social security of the human being as well as the scientific temperament of the young population. It further attempts to know what can be the solutions to the problems faced by them during the pandemic scenario. The results of the present study have very significant value in the field of Human Security viz. Health insecurity, Educational insecurity, Economic Disruptions, Human Development and Gender Issues during the Pandemic. The findings of the study can bring about revolutionary changes from the perspective of the human security for the young adults and the society at large

Impact Of Covid-19 On Migrant Workers

Dr. Ramfhoul Jat

Assistant Professor, Government College, Dausa, Rajasthan

The socio-economic crisis induced by Covid-19 in the worldwide countries could be long, deep, and pervasive, especially for the migrant workers. Migrant workers in India tend to live and work in cities in crowded conditions that do not permit social distancing, putting them at an increased risk of various diseases. Migrant workers face challenges accessing health care even in normal circumstances due to lack of health insurance, cost, administrative hurdles, lack of public health infrastructure, and lack of access to medical facilities. `India was one of the leading countries to implement the initial lockdown The sudden lockdown due to Covid placed the migrant workers in India at critical situation on the roads, having lost jobs and being left without income, food, and accommodation. They   travelled back home on foot only to be shuttled into shelters and relief camps hastily cobbled up as a last-minute response to the migrant crisis. This article analyses the specific ways in which Indian migrant workers have been affected by the pandemic and examines the response of the government and its impact in mitigating and addressing the crisis.

Impact Of Food Security On Human Security And Sustainable Governance

Arpita Singh

Research Scholar, Centre for Development Studies, University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

The paper explores the relationship between food and human security in context of sustainable governance in India and also the impact on human security. According to UN General Assembly (66/290), that human security means securing survival of an individual and strengthen their individuality by empowering livelihood; whereas food security means that everyone has equal access of sufficient, safe and nutritious food at all times for an active and healthy life as define by FAO. Though, food is a basic human right and also categorized as one of the basic aspects of human security and development in the report of human development. This paper reflects the impact of food security in terms of an individual security & sustainable development. Many international & national organizations are working for human welfare, still there has been some sorts of gap exists viz; due to population explosion, poverty and unemployment everyone doesn’t get better quality of food and livelihood. The rate of stunting, malnutrition and hunger has been also increased after covid19 pandemic. Consequently, for decimating food insecurity and poverty government must have to introduce sustainable, & ethical policies based on sustainable & accountable approach.

Impact Of Online Teaching Among Women Teachers And Parents During Coronavirus Pandemic In Madurai

P Lalitha

Research Scholar, The American College, Tamil Nadu

Prior to the coronavirus pandemic, teachers and parents of children were affected in their quality of life due to online education. This research paper aims to evaluate the online teaching impact of covid-19 among women teachers and parents of children who lives in Madurai. The E- survey was conducted from 1st December 2021 to 31st January 2022 to obtain their information. The mailed questionnaire was sent to the women teachers and parents via Google form through WhatsApp and E-mail. A sample of 60 respondents was provided with full information regarding this research paper. The percentage and tabulation methods were used to analyse the research objectives. In the pandemic period, 75% of parents of children have affected their various walks of daily life due to online class supervision. 80% of women teachers have been facing the problem of increased workload.

Increasing Marital Age Of Marriage For Girls: A Step Towards Women Empowerment"

Kiran Chauhan

Assistant Professor, Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, Rajasthan

Increasing marital age of marriage for girls: A step towards Women empowerment" The Union cabinet took the decision to raise the legal age of marriage for women from 18-21 year. The government is bringing the age of marriage for both men & women equally as per Article 14 of the Indian Constitution which provides right to equalotywithout any discrimination. The recently released National Family Health Survey ( NFHS) revealed that child marriage has come down marginally from 27% to 23% in 2020. This Article discuss about the legal provisions regarding marriage & also its role in women empowerment.

Independent Directors: A Comparative Study Of India And Australia

Pooja Shukla and Dr. Sanjiv Chaturvedi

Research Scholar, Ranchi University, Jharkhand

Corporate sector plays very important role in the sustainable growth and development of any economy. Jurisdictions in which corporate are subjected to good governance practices are more prosperous as compared to those having weaker governance. Board of director’s independence is considered as the corner stone of corporate governance in any country. Although the concept of Independent director emerged in the US as a voluntary measure which was made compulsory there following the management and shareholders agency theory problems commonly referred as the outsider’s model problems. The giant corporate failures occurring across the various jurisdictions compelled the regulators across the globe to make compulsory provision regarding the Independent Directors irrespective of the model of corporate governance they were following. Following the initiative taken by the US and UK various other countries also adopted the provision of overhauling and revamping the board structure for ensuring better governance by appointing Independent directors. The focus of the present paper is on study of the regulatory provisions related to the office of the independent director of the two countries i.e. India and Australia belonging to the Asia pacific region.

India Requisite To Strengthen Its National Security Emphasizing On Police And Prison Reforms To Carb The Growing Security Threats From Internal And External Forces

Dr Sumanta Bhattacharya

Research Scholar, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology & The National Academy of Legal Studies and Research, West Bengal

National security is of utmost importance to protect the integrity and unity of a country. India faces threats from both external and internal forces. With liberalization and globalization, the pattern of crimes has also changed. With the advancement in technology, cybercrimes, and cyber terrorism is taking a dynamic shape in our society. Cyberwarfare is the biggest threat of the 21st century which can collapse the whole economy of a country without the use of violence. Today, developed countries and developing countries are much considered the rising organized crimes and terrorists. Border management and maritime security are strengthening their forces to tackle this threat, water wars are rising and these are easy routes for a terrorist to enter a nation and carry out illicit crimes. For internal and external security, first, we need to strengthen our police forces, there has been hardly any reform in India in the police sector since independence, as for normal citizens police are the first people whom the society will approach. We need to upgrade the system, We need to isolate police regulation of investigation, law management by appointing multiple police officials in a different sector to elucidate good governance, employ women officials to provide comfortable investigation facilities for female gender We need to provide sufficient manpower to provide sufficient balance in safety and security management in disturb areas., introduce special education certification in the field of disaster management, cyber security, traffic management from different International and national universities at a minimum rate. We also need to improve the conditions of our prison system and deploy more security as today prisons are becoming a target to carry out organized crimes and terrorism has support through which they can easily access the Internet. We need to maintain better coordination with the police department for prison management and security to maintain national security and protect our nation from terrorism and increasing crime

India’s Quest For Self-Reliance In The Defence Sector: The Dilemma Of Defence Or Development

Honey Raj

Research Scholar, Central University of Jharkhand, Jharkhand

Defence and Development have remained companions to each other in India’s National Security discourse and are largely perceived within the “guns vs butter debate. The general notion is that the defence expenditure is indispensable for maintaining national security, integrity, peace, harmony, etc. India is not an exception to this ideology. To main a secure stable and peaceful environment, defence expenditure is mandatory. In India planned development has been going on for several decades now. During this period various sectors of the economy have witnessed a record level of development. Despite all this development, India’s population growth has not slowed down. The rise in population poses a major challenge to economic growth initially further hindering human development. Therefore, Human Resource Development is the only pragmatic approach to tackle the problem of population and development in India. The assessment of the economic and social effects of military expenditure has been a debatable issue for decades. Defence spending has a positive impact on economic growth through its impact on aggregate demand, internal and external security-enhancing investment and employment opportunity in an economy, and an adverse impact on economic growth mainly through its crowding-out effects and balance of payment issues. Investment in defence also creates job opportunities and hence, increases purchasing power and demand for goods and services and boost economic growth. Thus, the debate of gun vs butter or defence vs development is a matter of perception and both the expenditure are indispensable and cannot be neglected.

India's National Security Policy And Human Security

Neeraj Singh Manhas

Research Scholar, Sardar Patel University, Gujarat

In a rapidly integrating and globalising world, as well as an increasingly interdependent and multipolar international system, the security discourse's predominant military-strategic orientation came to be viewed as excessively narrow and insufficient. As a result, individuals became the primary locus of security. Freedom from desire and fear developed into the most effective defences against insecurity. Analysing threats holistically and interdisciplinary should aid in identifying critical threats and formulating the appropriate course of action. The threats confronting India demonstrate the traditional security concept's inability to address them. In this regard, force is not the most effective tool for dealing with the myriad threats; rather, human development and humane governance are the preferred instruments of security. A comprehensive human security approach is required in India's national security calculus and policymaking. In other words, a comprehensive security policy that incorporates the human security paradigm is required. The paper demonstrates the inadequacy of India's traditional security approach and advocates for the adoption of the concept of human security.

Interdisciplinary Approach In A Study Of Education Governance And Social Theory

Renuka Shyam Narain

Research Scholar, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

Governance means form the system through which an organisation is controlled and regulated, and decision-making process take place by undertaking all the aspects of the decision making like compliance, Ethics, administration, society and risk management. Education Governance in the decision-making process regarding the education system and changes in the education system with the requirements in the economy. It includes the organisations and processes which manage the education systems and would allocate responsibilities and definite roles in determining the education policies and programs. Countries carry out differently their education governance as per their policies and requirements in the country. Social theory means the theory that explains the behaviours and actions of society under the political, sociological, and philosophical effects. The reaction of society as a whole is due to the change or introduction of the new policy in the economy. An interdisciplinary approach or study means the combination of two or more academic disciplines or including all the disciplines into one activity. In the 21century, the study of education governance is an important area of research with the change in education systems with the effect of the political, economic, and social developments nationally and globally. In this article, we would analyse this important issue through theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches by studying the education governance or changes in the education with the change in the time and situation in different countries. Role of the education governance in the country and impact of social theory with the variations in the education policies. The impact of digitalisation in the education governance in the country. With that, I have also considered the recommendation based on the research and finding through a combination of two academic disciplines in the research.

Intruding 'Privacy' In The 21St Century: An Analysis

Dr. Amrita Dey

Assistant Professor, Political Science, Amity University Kolkata

Scholars have been discussing and debating on traditional and unconventional security threats since the end of the Cold War. While conventional security threats are primarily state-centric, the unconventional/asymmetric threats cropped up from non-state actors of different kinds. In the 21st century these non-state centric issues have expanded to encompass privacy issues in our diurnal lives—a ‘mistrust’, ‘an uncanny’ fear of being watched and noticed by all those whom we go for ‘assistance’. These kind of intrusions are visible both in our physical and virtual interactions. My paper on ‘intruding Privacy’ in the 21st century examines these plethora of in(security) issues at the individual and state level. It attempts to study the ‘myths’ and reality’ of such human insecurity and the mechanisms society can generate to create awareness of them. The paper will combine experiences from personal lives as well as secondary sources of information from variegated sources.’.

Local Governance In Ancient India

Madhu Kumawat

Assistant Professor, Shri Ratanlal Kanwarlal Patni Government P.G. College, Kishangarh, Rajasthan

Local Governance During the ancient Hindu period, the villages enjoyed autonomy and were governed by the panchayats which exercised administrative and judicial powers. These village bodies received a setback under the Muslim rule and almost disappeared in their old form under the British, confining their authority only to the social life of the village community. The annexation of territory and over centralization of administration during the early British period brought about total extinction of traditional institutions of local self-government in India. Since earliest times, the village has been the pivot of administration in India. Its importance was naturally very great in an age when communication were slow and industrialisation unknown. Town played a relatively unimportant part in ancient Indian life, the Vedic hymns frequently prey for the prosperity of village, but rarely for that of towns and cities. While describing the prosperity of a kingdom, Jatakas proudly give the large number of prosperous villages included in it, but are altogether oblivious to the existence of towns and cities that may flourished in it. In the Vedic age, states were small and this circumstance further enhanced the importance of the village. In later times, even when kingdoms became large, there was no change in the situation, because the village was the natural pivot of administration in a rural society. In modern times, governors often convene a conference of collectors to discuss important question of administrative policy ; in ancient times kings like Bimbisara used to convene a meeting of village headmen for similar purpose. There is no doubt that village were the real centres of social life and important units in the country's economy. They sustained the edifice of national culture, prosperity and administration. The object of this paper is to search of local Governance in Ancient India

Maoist Insurgency And Human Security In India And Nepal

Suvarna Bhaurao Bagul

Research Scholar, Mumbai University, Maharashtra

Human security is all about freedom from threat and insecurity. One of the non traditional kind of threat to human security is from external actors like terrorist organisation etc. The paper analysises the threat to human security from indegenously developed Naxalites movement for India and growth of Maoist led politics in Nepal. There are also evidences of significant connection between moists groups in both the countries leading to spillover effects.The paper critically analyses origin, growth, spread of Maoist as well as henious crime committed against humanity. The paper also mentioned about efforts of both countries in containing maoist through various strategies. The paper concludes that democratic development is the only remedy for all kinds of threat to human security.

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Mapping The Changes In The Governance Of The Bjp Led Coalition Government In Manipur

Naorem Malemsanba Meetei

Assistant Professor, Ghanapriya Women's College, Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal, Manipur

Manipur is one of the northeast states of India inhabited mainly by different indigenous (yelhoumee) communities namely the Meitei/Meetei, Meitei-Pangal, Nagas and Kukis since eternity. After the coming of the BJP led coalition government in the state of Manipur in 2017, there have been substantial changes in the state’s polity, economy, socio-culture and infrastructure. In this context, some of the basic questions that need to be studied are given as: What are the changes that the BJP led government has brought about in the polity of the state? Are there any changes in the health infrastructure of the state in the last five years? Is the state peaceful nowadays? What does the popular slogan ‘Go to Hills’ of the government mean for the hill and valley people? To explore the above-mentioned queries is the crux of the paper.

Impact Of Pandemic And Lockdowns On Women

Dr. Anjum Ara Shamim

Assistant Professor, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

Dr. Sanjeda Warsi

Assistant Professor, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

Covid-19 has resulted in certain structural changes that made women more vulnerable and marginalised. This pandemic has increased marginalisation of an already marginalised section of the society. In Kashmir, a society affected by conflict , women are facing various problems and at the same time using their agency to deal with the challenges posed by current pandemic. The main objective of the present paper is to understand the nature of the suffering of Kashmiri women and impact of different lockdowns on their lives. This paper is also an attempt to understand disproportionate impact of the Covid-19 lockdown clubbed with armed conflict on women, whether it is direct crimes committed against women or indirect impact of governmental policies and decisions taken to deal with this natural calamity. To place these ideas into context and to understand lived experiences of Kashmiri women, Kashmiri society has been taken as a case study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to conduct this study. To understand the impact of lockdown a questionnaire has been used clubbed with ethnographic open ended interviews of the women randomly selected among medical staff and patients who could not avoid getting out of their houses even in strict lockdowns.

Normalisation Of Terrorism And State Level Sabotage Of Human Security: An Analysis On Taliban And Afghanistan

Cyriac S Pampackal

Assistant Professor, Mar Athanasius College (Autonomous) Kothamangalam, Kerala

The fall of the democratically elected Afghanistan government and the disastrous failure of state machineries following the US withdrawal has left the people of Afghanistan in peril under the new Taliban led regime. The perilous status of human security in Afghanistan was primarily evident from the desperate efforts to flee from the country made by a significant number of Afghan people during the US withdrawal. The international acceptance of the Taliban as the new governing authority of Afghanistan coupled with the internal dictations made by the Taliban regime has further curbed the rights and freedom of Afghan people. This paper will be looking into the impacts of the normalised legitimisation of the terrorist regime on the human security aspects of Afghanistan.

Politicisation Of Education: A Neo-Governance Approach Degrading Education.

Aanchal Seth

Student, Passed out from Punjab University 2020, Punjab

The pandemic has created a chaos in education system. From decrease in quality of education to rate of increase in dropout rate to female education be marginalised and the broke mid-day scheme is one discourse. Another discourse being Education being politicised in every zone may it be bringing in part ideologies into the course work of students or shaping of higher education into reservation-based politics or we can say new emergence of ‘Mandal system’ but in zones of education. This new approach of government in the modern world still filled with orthodox beliefs can be named as neo-governance. The difference in approach from era of UPA to NDA will brought in highlights how the politicisation of education is degrading the value of knowledge in our nation.

Privacy-Preserved Data Publishing: Applications, Opportunities And Challenges

Thomas Abraham

Research Scholar, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala

We know that privacy is an important thing in this era. The privacy-preserved data publishing has become much more important in these recent years because of the increasing ability to store and publish personal data about users, and the increasing sophistication of data publishing algorithms and techniques to leverage this information. In this paper, we are going to discuss and study about different transformation methods and techniques that are associated with privacy, that is randomization, k-anonymity, l-diversity and also handles like how perturbed data can be used in conjunction with publishing approaches. Privacy preservation facing many challenges in this era mainly due to privacy violations. In this paper we will discuss it along with some future challenges and opportunities.

Property Rights For Hindu Women: An Insight Into Hindu Succession Amendment Act And Issue Of Women Security

Dr. Kirat Grewal

Associate Professor, University School of Legal Studies, Chandigarh University

Women rights in India can be better understood and appreciated in light of the past. The present paper speculates the property rights of Hindu women in Ancient Period to critically appreciate the changes that have gradually evolved in context of Hindu Succession. The present paper makes a modest attempt to study the transitional shift in terms of property rights for Hindu women as it existed in ancient times and as they hold today; how far quantum and quality of these rights has improved in light of Hindu Succession Amendment Act (2005) and identify grey areas for improvement. The said amendment in 2005 took the progressive step of making daughters coparceners at par with sons so that they receive an equal birthright to a share in the natal family’s ancestral property, i.e., parents’ property.  However, the actual materialization of property rights for women is yet to occur in its true spirit. The issue of property rights is exceedingly complex because the distribution of property rights is governed largely by customary law, patriarchal ideologies, in the form of social and cultural barriers. Women must be provided with more awareness about their rights to property and should have access to better legal aid. The legal processes for realizing women’s claims must also be reworked so as to remove any psychological and social barriers in the path of women who want to approach the law.

Protection Of Human Rights & Good Governance: Role Of The Indian State In Providing Public Services

Soumalya Ghosh

Assistant Professor, Sewnarayan Rameswar Fatepuria College, West Bengal

Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 has codified a long list of Rights which is deemed essential for the survival of human beings in any civilized country. Countries which have ratified this declaration have considered it as an objective set of standards by which their performance can be analyzed. It requires an appropriate legal framework with democratically structured institutions along with necessary legal, political and administrative process to actualize demands of population. Here lies the mutual relationship between human rights and good governance. They are mutually supportive of each other. If human rights stand for having a conducive and enabling environment it is through good governance that such environment can be protected. Good governance which generally stands for enjoyment of authority through a transparent and accountable manner with its emphasis on expanding the area for public participation in formal decision making process or informal discussions regarding public policies. This paper starts with a general focus on various generations of rights. After that emphasis will be given on role of Indian state through its governance in ensuring delivery a variety of services to its citizens. Finally based on available primary and secondary data, this paper will try to analyze how far in the fields of education, health and social welfare services states are able to ensure protection and promotion of Human Rights for the poorest and most marginalized through its existing governance system.

Public Health And Governance In India

Raghu Raj Singodia

Assistant Professor, Seth Net Ram Magh Raj Tibrewala, Govermment Girls College, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan

This paper explores the health policy and governance in India. Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals. A disease imbalance in body requires systematic and effective solution. Health providers need to adopt humanistic consideration as well.The role of the government in influencing population health is not limited within the health sector but also by various sectors outside the health systems. Health system strengthening, human resource development and capacity building and regulation in public health are important areas within the health sector.

Recognition Of Tribal Peoples’ Right And Governance: A Study Of Jharkhand (India)

Mr. Rakesh Kumar

Research Scholar, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Present research paper is primarily based on secondary sources and qualitative methods for studying recognition of Tribal peoples’ rights and governance over traditional resources of Jharkhand. Tribal peoples of this land have been inhabited on those areas since time immemorial where all the valuable minerals, ores and natural resources are mostly located have recognized as schedules areas as per the specific constitutional provisions. The different modes of Tribal economy among the 32 Tribal communities of this land have been found during colonial and also after independence, primarily based on forest and agriculture land, which have still been prevailed with some changes in them to the present scenarios in spite of modernity, industrialization, deforestation and introducing other developing programs in those areas. The government of India has also recognized their right and governance over their traditional resources which are the constitute parts of their society and culture. In the present study, the researcher will focus in detailed on the above mentioned matters in the context of traditional rights and constitutional provisions under the proposed title of this research paper.

Rethinking The Human Security Approach For Responding To Covid In India

Dr. Pratham Prakash Parekh

Assistant Professor, Institute of Management, Nirma University, Gujrat

Survival, restoration of life, wellbeing and protection against ill health is vital concerns of COVID19 victims as well as responders. Public health experts always try to address these concerns but frequently faces criticism on various grounds especially addressing the needs of patients. In this scenario two fundamental concepts i.e. Human Security and Public Health significantly intersect. These intersections provide an opportunity for inquiring into such subjects. This study attempts to grasp public health response to the COVID19 pandemic through Human Security lenses. The study suggests need for development on three dimensions i.e. a) creation of multidisciplinary frameworks and platforms for relief response b) Need assessment based on Human Security framework and c) developing thresholds for actual actions measured by Human Security indicators. For this purpose, cross-sector analysis is adopted to grasp the knowledge gaps that can be filled up by further research.

Rethinking The War On Terror & Global Anti-Terror Initiatives: The Evolution Oh Human Security

Deepanjana Halder Majumder

Research Scholar, Jadavpur University, West Bengal

The result of the development of science and technology, terrorism is spreading all over the world by establishing exchange-based relations with terrorist groups in one country. If a terrorist group of a country or the government of that country adopts a program based on violence against a certain section of the citizens of that country, then it is internal terrorism. But when this internal terrorism enters the interior of another country, it endangers the security of that country, or when the terrorist activity of one country affects another country, it becomes international. The concept of international terrorism is divided into two parts; (1) From the point of view of terrorism, their activities are done to demand fair rights and legitimacy, (2) In the eyes of the government, these activities are inhuman and illegal. There are various reasons and factors behind the rise of international terrorism. Policymakers also need to anticipate future catastrophes in the fight against terrorism in terms of human security and adapt our strategies appropriately when the social, political, and cultural context allows.

Revisiting The Idea Of Governance In The Political Thought Of Gandhi And Patel

Dr Abha Chauhan Khimta

Associate Professor, Himachal pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh

At the time of independence, the decision to accede to either India or Pakistan was left to the rulers of the princely states. The Princely states formed about two fifth of the territory and comprised a quarter of the population of colonial India. Uniting all the pricncely states together was a big task before the leaders. This exhibition showcased Sardar Patel’s untiring efforts towards piecing together these fragments into the Indian union. Patel proved his governance mantle by uniting the whole nation into one unit. For Gandhi, the concept of good governance has always remained close to the heart. Good governance meant to Gandhi Sarvodaya or the concept of actions for the common good beneficial to all. The basic principle of good governance for Gandhi and Patel was accountable and ethical governance. It also meant at strengthening the ethical and moral values in governance. This paper is an attempt to revisit the idea of governance in their political ideas and to explore the acceptability of their ideas on governance in the present context.

Role Of Governance In India To Ensuring Women's Security In 21 Century

Pratibha Singh

Research Scholar, University Of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

Gender based violence is quite common in almost all the developing countries. Though mostly identical yet some of the customs, which are reflected in the culture of each of the particular societies differently, create important distinction. It is a harsh reality that the women in India are always being ill- treated from the ages by male dominating societies. Women are deprived in their independent life and identity and looked upon as a commodity. Woman is not only robbed emotionally but also struggle for dignity and pride by way of restriction imposed by the men outside. In addition to it, several initiatives taken by government of India such as Nirbhaya Fund, One Stop center, Central Victim Compensation Fund Schemes, Swadhar Greh, Investigative Units on Crime against Women and so on. The Government of India has taken various initiatives to improve status of women. In India while the constitutional and legal status of women is equal to that of men in all aspects, the reality is that they suffer in all spheres of social and economic life. From time to time, India has introduced a number of security measures to provide safeguard and to empower women. However, the paper will analyze security measures for women in India.

Role Of Government In Education In India

Dr. Kusum Changeriwal

Assistant Professor, Shri Ratanlal Kanwarlal Patni Government P.G. College, Kishangarh, Rajasthan

Education is primarily in India. The essence of Human Resource Development is education, which plays a significant and remedial role in balancing the socio-economic framework of the country. In Our Country government is very helpful in getting information related to the elementary, secondary, higher secondary, higher and adult education etc. In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which anyone who wished to study went to a teacher's (Guru) house and requested to be taught. All learning was closely linked to nature and to life, and not confined to memorizing some information.

The modern school system was brought to India, including the English language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the teacher and the student. The National Policy on Education, 1986 and the Programme of Action (POA) 1992 envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory quality for all children below 14 years before the 21st Century. Ever since the draft Education Policy has been introduced, the Union HRD ministry has been working over improving the education system in the country. In order to focus on quality education, the Central rules to the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 have been amended to include reference on class-wise, subject-wise learning outcomes.

The common objectives of all these schemes were to enhance access, to promote equity through the inclusion of disadvantaged groups and weaker sections and to improve the quality of education. The new integrated scheme envisages school and higher education as a continuum and aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels.

Security Dilemma In Indian Ocean Region & Its Implications For India

Rohit

Student, Himachal Pradesh University -Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

For decades now, era of globalization has moved geopolitical scenario from west to east. According to Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, more than 80% of the world’s seaborne trade in oil transits through choke points of Indian Ocean. Accordingly, the strategic importance of Indian Ocean has depicted hotspot for struggle of power in global trade route implying security dilemma to India. Aggressive rise of China in the 21st century and its expansionist policy has challenged India’s national security and regional interest of India for its maritime security. The enduring geo-politics and supremacy race among global powers has largely stressed Indo-pacific region. The paper attempts to investigate the growing influence of extra regional power in the Indian Ocean region considering India’s national security. It further tries to examine the role of India in ensuring regional stability and freedom of navigation to Indo-Pacific.

Social Inclusive Policies In India: Perspective And Challenges To Human Security

Devinder Kaur

Assistant Professor, Dayanand Mathra Dass College, Moga, Punjab

The idea of social inclusion was emerged internationally in last two decades of 20th century as a remedy to social exclusion. The constitution of India has made provisions to protect and uplift socially excluded groups I.e. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, children and religious minorities. Every human life is precious. The constitution of India provides Fundamental Rights to all citizens. Among these rights Article 21 is most important because of its unique feather of non-suspension. This Article talks about right to a dignified life for all its citizens. India has adopted United Nations Millennium Development Goals in 2000. Eleventh and twelfth Five Year Plans stressed on aim of achieving 'Faster and Sustainable inclusive growth'. Government has adopted 'Right based approach' and 'capabilities approach' as a shift in India's traditional policy making. These new inclusive policies include all basic amenities to secure every human life. It has given a fast track to the social development in India through its major flagship programs. With the aspiration of 'leaving no one behind', India adopted UN Sustainable development goals in 2015. This paper analyzes these policies from a perspective of human security and also put light on its challenges.

Social Media Redefining The Boundaries Of Human Security

Dr. Ruhi Sarangal

Assistant Professor, Chandigarh Business School of Administration, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, Punjab

The boundaries of human security have been evolving and leading to explore the new dimensions being added to it. Human security no longer confines just to the physical aspects or to the border issues. The new virtual world has been emerged due to technological advancements which have redefined the dimensions of human security, with the advent of social media. The rapid growth of social media has prepared the structure of information to be disseminated and identified in an exponential manner. The explosive growth and popularity of the various social media platforms have lead to a change in perspective and lifestyle of individuals and encouraging communication across the globe. The novel element of the social media has made lives different and updated in the virtual spaces but has anyways opened up to the vulnerabilities and threats that were unknown earlier. Clearly, this trend represents a significant challenge for both users and administrators. In fact, the widespread adoption of social networking sites has raised a wide range of security and privacy concerns, which have not been fully addressed yet. In many cases, users are not even aware of the disclosure of their personal information through their profiles. Leakage of a user’s personal information happens to have various security dimensions which pose a great threat to human security. This paper will examine the various dimensions of User’s privacy as a threat to human security.

State-Led Anarchy And Human Security In South Asia

Ajay Kumar Mishra

Assistant Professor, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga And Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar

Shraddha Rishi

Assistant Professor, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga And Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar

The weakening of the state in terms of shrinking government and the democratic deficit is leading countries towards state-led anarchy that has huge implications for human security in South Asia. Anarchy is defined as a society being freely constituted without authorities or a governing body. State-led anarchy has two connotations. In the first one, i.e., in a capitalist society state loses its scope although the concept of the state remains intact. In the second one, the state fails to deliver the goods. It may be caused by some real inefficiency of the policy paradigm. It is rectifiable through periodic elections in a democracy. The first one is not rectifiable. Capitalism conspires with the state producing ‘conspirational welfarism’, which is selective and parochial in nature and practice. Conspirational welfarism believes in freebies that guide the state, in the words of Michael Sandel, to attain distributive justice (rights without obligation) at the cost of contributive justice (rights with obligation); the latter ensures embedded social constructivism and participatory development. This trend leads to individualisation of everything, poverty as well as riches. It objectifies individuals economically and politically. Government spending in South Asian countries hovers around 5% to 12% of GDP. Similarly, the democracy index released by Economic Intelligence Unit estimated that neither country is full democracy; they vary from hybrid to flawed categories of democracy. It causes a legitimation crisis, a term introduced by Jurgen Habermas, which is cited as the reason for the poor HDI in the region

Structure Of Indian Police- A Review

Ravi Nayak

Student, National Law School of India University, Bangalore, Karnataka

The researcher in the paper will delve into the analysis of the structure of the Indian police, mostly their mechanism of working, ranking as well as functions. The paper will critically analyze, understand and review the Structure of India Police in-depth as well as the procedural aspects of admission of the police within the institution. The paper will also look forward toward the hierarchy within the institution concerning the rank of the office as well the state and the central government's role and responsibility towards the whole police institution. Lastly, the paper will analyse the police act and need of the reformation of law.

Terrorism As A Threat To Human Security: A Gandhian Perspective

Priyanka Singh

Assistant Professor, Department Of Political Science, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar

Human security includes not only the traditional threats but also includes the non-traditional threats to human being. Nowadays, Terrorism is the most dangerous non- traditional threat to human security. Human security deals with “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear”. Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of non-violence deals with not only direct violence but indirect violence which comes through social and economic structures of the society. Terrorism is basically related with violence and terror. John Galtung’s typology of violence which is based on Gandhian understanding of violence includes direct, structural and cultural violence. Hence, terrorism is a threat to existence of human being. The present paper focuses on the idea of terrorism in context of Gandhian influence on Galtung’s typology of violence

Terrorism: Threat To Mankind

Dr. Reena Nand

Head, University Department Of Political Science, Dr. Shayama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Terrorism is global threat in terms of places in different parts of the world under attack claiming countless human lives from time to time in last few decades. What is more alarming is use of latest weapons, various warfare strategies, well coordinated and developed techniques, use of information technology and social media to influence many for 'jihad' or share confidential classified information regarding institutions or system/persons and impacting scale of damage to property and lives. Terrorism is attaining new dimensions due to speed of action and networking potential of terrorist outfits, political patronage, funding sources, ever increasing urge for superiority or a game changer by attacking military and government installations/officials in Kashmir or to bow down USA through Twin Tower attacks, ability to induct, brain wash and train smart, educated and technoswavy individuals in their fold. India is most active crusader in bringing together all peace loving nations on one platform to fight against terrorism and terror states. This article dwells upon the challenges that is posed by terrorism, its changing colours and discusses solutions to curb this menace

The Challenges Of Human Security In Mongolia

Dr. Subhash Kumar Baitha

Assistant Professor, Central University of Jharkhand, Jharkhand

Souvik Chatterjee

Research Scholar, Central University of Jharkhand, Jharkhand

Mongolia is geographically landlocked and most sparsely populated country in the world sandwiched between two powerful neighbors Russia and China. Apparently, Mongolia appears to have no human security issues. Mongolia a fairly homogeneous population of 3.41 million has restrained itself from any violent conflicts while Mongolia's democratisation from socialism occurred without any bloodshed. Yet Mongolia’s buffer position between two powerful countries and its transition from Soviet-style system to a market economy have brought fresh developmental and security concerns. Poverty and underdevelopment, exacerbated by challenging natural conditions that influence life and livelihoods, are Mongolia's most immediate and fundamental security challenges. Although Mongolia has achieved commendable progress in several aspects of human security since the end of the Cold War, particularly in terms of having free elections and embracing democratic values and respect to human rights which are cornerstone of Mongolia’s post-Soviet foreign policy. However, a closer look indicates like other post-Soviet countries Mongolia is also suffering from various human security challenges. Therefore, in this paper I have tried to highlight the major factors that are responsible for decline in human security in post socialist Mongolia and what are the policy responses from the Mongolian State to ensure human security in the country.

The Dearth Of Tribal Land Security

Ashok Brahma

Research Scholar, Bodoland University, Assam

The paper reveals dearth the land security of tribal people in the Bodoland Territorial Region of Assam. Mainly, it focuses on the three Bodo Accords, which are meant to protect tribals and include the secure use of land in the region. The paper starts with the 'Line System' in Assam, the formation of Tribal Belts and Blocks amended in 1947 by adding (Assam Act XV of 1947 to the 'Assam Land and Revenue Regulation Act 1886, and finally the third Bodo Accord, a peace agreement signed on January 27, 2020. The issues relating to land rights and safeguards prioritise the Assam government's provision of legal safeguards for tribals' land rights beyond tribal belts and blocks. The actual powers rest with the central and state government, but it affects the tribals' questions regarding land security. It would be intriguing to see how to alter the power dynamics and reshape the autonomy and power, also inter and intra-ethnic interactions, as stated in the objective number (v) of the Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) of 2020 through to ensure accelerated development of tribal areas in the Bodoland region.

The Echo Chamber Of Covid Threat: Mental Insurgency In The Post Truth Era.

Kumari Priyanka

Assistant Professor, Jamshedpur Workers' College, Jharkhand

This pandemic has exposed the worst issues lurching at the core of our civil societies. The biological and medical consequences of the pandemic are visible, tangible and recordable, but the abstract psychological impact is an impending threat. The security threat posed by the constant echo chamber of news, threats and speculations, has created an internal threat for many countries. It has caused, and for many reinforced a sense of nothingness, freezing them into a spell of inaction. The great resignation is a testimony to how people are slowly getting disenchanted and unable to cope up with the tough economic downturn. The incessant news, updates and other such influx on social media ensured that people are never able to disengage from the echo chamber of pandemic where imagination and reality have merged seamlessly.

The Function Of The Bengal Press In Protecting Political Security In Terms Of Human Security, As Witnessed In The Civil Disobedience, Non-Cooperation, And Quit India Movement In Bengal: A Historical Perspective

Md Yousuf

Research Scholar, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh

The free press safeguards human security by opposing political repression and human rights violations. The rise of a free press and democratization are inextricably linked. As a watchdog (supporting accountability and transparency), civic forum (enabling various views to be heard), and agenda-setter, the media actively helps in democratization and governance (highlighting social problems and promoting accountability and clarity). From 1919 through 1942, the Bengal Press was critical in raising public awareness during the Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit Indian Movements. This effort aroused and enlightened the nationalist populace. Political propaganda, education, and the spread of nationalist ideas were all entrusted to the Bengal press. Therefore, a study of the function of the Bengal press in the Indian National Movement in terms of political security has been undertaken. The findings of the study indicate the role of the Bengal Press in securing the political, economic and educational rights of the masses in a democratic set-up

The Impact Of National Social Assistance On The Poor Elderly In Tripura

Sharmistha Rakshit

Research Scholar, Tripura University, Tripura

As a man grows old, he starts losing his physical, mental, and economic abilities. Hence he becomes dependent on society and most importantly on his family for support and assistance. However sometimes he cannot get enough support from his family due to reasons like the indifference of family members, family members becoming busy with their jobs and other responsibilities, and sometimes due to meager or no sources of income of the other family members. In this situation the situations of these older persons become vulnerable. Moreover, those older persons who have no access to pension benefits due to their unemployment or employment in an unorganized sector suffer from little or no means to take care of their essential needs like food and medicine. In this situation, it becomes essential for the state to intervene and provide them with some kind of social security. The main component of social security is economic security. With this need in mind, the Government of India started the National Social Assistance Programme in 1995. The Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme is one of its component schemes. This pension is provided to the elderly of 60 years or above age who belong to the Below Poverty Level households. This study is conducted to understand the socio-economic background of the beneficiaries, the utilization pattern of the pension amount, and the level of satisfaction among the beneficiaries in the rural and urban areas of the Sepahijala district of Tripura. Finally, the study will recommend steps to be taken to make the pension more beneficial to the poor elderly.

The Role Of Adult Education In Curbing The Tradition Of Witch Hunting In The State Of Jharkhand

Sujoy Kundu

Research Scholar, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar

The diabolical act of witch hunting prevails in many communities all over the earth. The individual branded as a “Witch” is often a woman and generally belongs to the low caste and tribes. This social crime of hunting is more rooted in superstitious and the belief system of the societies rather this act is committed by the connivance of a few people who conspire against disadvantaged, vulnerable, innocent gullible illiterate tribal women, grabbing their land, animal, money, for personal revenge or even sexual favors. These atrocities are committed in the name of purging the society of a witch. Witch hunting which are the common phenomena in the state of Jharkhand, which is located in the eastern part of India. How can we say that we are modern and developed when thousands of that illiterate tribal women are branded as witches every year and hundreds are killed? In this paper an attempt is made to examine the reasons, consequences and measures taken to address this social malady the role of adult education in curbing the belief system and the social position of the tribal women which makes them easy targets in this state.

The Role Of Insanity In Different Legislations: An Indian Perspective

Hameeda Begum Safavi

Research Scholar, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh

In the earlier days, there was a distinct legal custom that had its own autonomous school of lawful thought and practice. In India law has a long history of stringent solutions and philosophical debate. The Arthashastra, which dates from 400BC, and the Manuscript, which dates from 100 AD, were both powerful writings in India that contain various lessons regarded as acceptable legal guidance. Manu's main points of view were resilience and pluralism and he was well known throughout south east Asia. Although Sharia Law arrived in India during the Islamic period, it was fit for the Muslim population. There was a departure in the tradition when India became vital for the British Empire and precedent-based laws took over Hindu and Islamic rules. As a result, the Nation's current legal framework is heavily influenced by the British framework and bears little resemblance to pre-British institutions. The Britsh have given a large number of enactments that can still be used. Many of the commissions deal with persons with Mental illness can be traced back to British earlier periods. Several laws were amended in the British era. Insanity has an important role in several laws but various laws denied rights to mentally ill persons, even though they have the same rights as everyone else. As they need rights and protection.

The Semantics Of Religious Minorities In Indian Politics And It'S Implications For Social Justice In India.

Asmat Zainab

Research Scholar, University of Kashmir, Kashmir

social justice is a key concept in the theory and practice of Affirmative Action in India, but it has come to serve as shorthand for Affirmative Action for disadvantaged groups, with the claim that group suffered from some kind of disadvantage with respect to the rest, while excluding others (minorities) from these benefits entitled by the state. The state and policy makers have sought to promote and protect disadvantaged groups through a slew of policies of Affirmative Action. Despite the good intentions and positive commitments, minorities have been excluded from this framework of special treatment in the sphere of economic and social development. The exclusion of minorities is mainly because in India there is no constitutional definition of ‘minority’, as the term escaped the definition during Constitutional Assembly Debates. The founding fathers of constitution left it to courts to decide the question and the supreme court of India has given a restricted definition in terms of geographical boundaries and demographic delimitation.

The Shrinking Space Of Civil Society In Tribal Development And Its Impact On Human Security In Jharkhand

Alok Kumar Sharma

Research Scholar, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Voluntary organisations play a crucial role in rural development by supplementing government efforts as they are close to the minds and hearts of the rural people. In a tribal-state such as Jharkhand, this role becomes more vital. These NGOs have been working before the formation of the state and they used to get funds from National and International donors, but from the last decade, things have changed. In 2011 nationwide programme NRLM was launched and in states, different SRLMs have been set up. These SRLMs have large women covered in SHG folds and in the present day they do all the work, one NGO was doing. Major international funders such as World Bank, BMGF, Ford Foundations, UN agencies etc. have shifted their funds from independent NGOs to these SRLMs. In short, they have captured the public space where civil societies had a critical role in the establishment. And at the end of the day these SRLMs work as any other government department, with such a huge SHG cover, these programmes have become a perfect place to push the government agenda. SHG women also became the cheap workforce available to implement and monitor state programs. So the policies and resources which were available to civil societies for their supplementary role to fill the gaps, have been diverted to a government department and as a result, many basic human rights questions are not being addressed properly in the state. This paper will evaluate this shrinking space of civil society in the context of Jharkhand.

The Unheard Voices: A Case Study Of Girl Child Soldiers In Congo

Dr. Gauri Narain Mathur

Research Scholar, Jamia Millia Islamia, University, New Delhi

The armed conflict across the globe has embroiled children in the quagmire of violence. These conflicts and civil wars have wiped out various ethnic communities and have produced millions of Child Soldiers. These child soldiers are providing their services as frontline workers, suicide bombers, human shields, scouts porters, guards, messengers, spies and cooks. During the past 15 years the recruitment of child soldiers has extended to most parts of the world particularly in the states like Afghanistan, Uganda, Colombia, East Timor, Uganda, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Peru, Haiti and Democratic Republic of Congo. According to an estimate of the United Nations, presently around 3 Lakh child soldiers are entrapped in the Civil wars. Out of this around 40 percent are girls, whose voices have often, being ignored as it is assumed that girls serve in the shadow armed units. However, these girl child soldiers are also recruited as the frontline soldiers, cleaners, cooks, potters and medical support. In fact most of these adolescent girl child soldiers are forced to marry chiefs of these armed militias while some of them become their sex slaves. As far as Democratic Republic of Congo is concerned its citizens have undergone a major civil war. According to an estimate by the Human Rights Watch around 30,000 Congolese children are forcefully recruited by the warring forces out of which 12,000 are girls ageing from 7 to 12 years. Thus, this paper seeks to analyze the plight of the girl child soldiers in Democratic Republic of Congo.

Tribals And POSCO Threats In Kerala

Hima Sreeni SL

Assistant Professor, Sree Narayana Guru College Of Legal Studies, Kollam, Kerela

In tribes there is no concept of a marriage with a ceremony and couples start living together from their teens onwards within their parental home. Tribals cannot fathom the offence they are said to have committed. The POCSO Act stipulates rigorous punishment and does not give room for the courts to mitigate it based on specific circumstances. The Act operates on the presumption of guilt. What is prevalent among the tribes of Wayanad is child marriage rather than child sexual abuse. Tragically, both are seen as the same in the eyes of the law. The study addressed that there is a need to harmonize the custom and the POCSO.

Understanding Development Through The Human Security Framework

Dr. Angira Sen Sarma

Centre for Development Studies, University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

The human security approach has widened the gamut of the concept of security from “territorial security to the security of people”. The 1994 Human Development Report (HDR) highlighted two major components of human security: ‘freedom from fear’ and ‘freedom from want’. The primary components of human security are: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political. The concept of development has evolved over time; it underwent significant changes since the Second World War. Looking beyond economic growth, the concept of development today is “about possibility of living a fuller life”. Human security deals with “empowerment and protection to tackle specific threats to people’s lives”. The paper attempts to explore the wider concept of development through the prism of human security approach.

Understanding The Inter-Linkages Between Energy Consumption And Human Security: An Empirical Study

Saket Pandey

Research Scholar, University Of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

Understanding the Inter-linkages between Energy Consumption and Human Security: An Empirical Study The world today is concerned about various macro developmental issues like human security, energy efficiency, global governance etc. All these issues take human welfare as its primary goal and try to develop the society at a whole. As a result different action plans like Sustainable Development Goals came into existence. The SDGs in its action plan tried to put different rising concerns of the society in a single bowl. Clean, affordable energy and good health with human wellbeing are inseparable parts of it. According to the Energy Progress Report 2020, 789 million people are suffering from lack of access to electricity worldwide. The fact directly indicates toward the point that these people are either depending on fossil fuels or other traditional mode of energy consumption like burning logs or woods. The gases emitted by it not only creates a problem in the climate change but also affects the human health a lot raising the issue of human security and well being. WHO’s 2021 report states that almost 4 million people die prematurely due to the use of such methods in the world and suffers from diseases like heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer every year. Thus the paper tries to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and human well being and uses these two factors as a tool to understand human security.

Women Empowerment Through Khadi Industries: Trends And Prospects

Ekta Mishra

Research Scholar, University Of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

The idea of Khadi industries was put forward by Gandhiji as a symbol of freedom struggle. Gandhiji symbolized it as a tool of emancipation for Indian poor, especially women. Women rose and found their voice in the struggle for independence. Khadi has great historical significance and is still relevant in the contemporary time. The paper attempts to highlight the role of Khadi industries in empowering women in India. It aims to indicate the trends in women employment since the emergence of the khadi industries. The paper also analyses the prospects of khadi industries in empowering women in contemporary India. Some key determinants such as women employment in the industrial units, distribution of khadi industrial units, distribution of spinners and weavers, literacy, gender divide and rural-urban employment are discussed in the paper

Women Rights In India With Special Reference To Legal Framework And Policy Issues

Dr. Saroj Gupta

Lecturer, Vibhuti Narayan Government Inter College, Gyanpur, Bhadohi, Uttar Pradesh

Women are the most important phenomena in the world.they are very important and special gift given by GOD.Women have an important role to play in the society. They are regarded as primary sources that raises and nurtures the family. In spite the fact that the women’s contribution to the progress of the country is equal to that of their male counterpart. The Articles under Part III of the constitution of India, relating to the Fundamental Rights which try to improve the status of women. present paper focuses on women representation in local government. There are also some legal and policy issues.

Women Security And Governance

Radhika Mittal

Research Scholar, Banasthali University, Rajasthan

Women Security and Governance since Independence; Women security has remained a complicated issue over the years. Inspite of various government schemes and initiatives for the security of women, one is unable to secure them on a number of occasions. Women constitute almost half of the population of the country, their security is significant for the welfare of the nation. Prior to independence women has experienced different phases during which their status changed from excellent to worse, and even today it has remained the most dominating issue even after 75 years of independence. Therefore, one needs to find a way forward in this regard in order to secure them.

Women’s Participation In Governance In Manipur

Yumnam Bijiyakumari

Research Scholar, Department of Social Work, Visva-Bharati University, West Bengal

Manipuri women has actively participated in economic activities and exhibited their collective leadership through Meira Paibis. But their participation in politics were mostly through indirect activities such as strikes, sit in protest, mass movements, marches, presentation of memorandum, violent acts etc. They are only active in pressurizing the govt or NGOs but their presence in leadership role in general is lacking. Though women voters outnumber men in the electoral rolls in Manipur, only a small number of them have included in the candidate lists. In this male-dominated society, all the legislative roles were occupied by male, so the women have a slim chance. They are almost non-existent in decision-making and policy-making bodies and are on the periphery of politics. This paper tries to understand the situation of Manipuri women in governance and the challenges women are facing in the process.

Work Life Balance’ Among Female Healthcare Employees During Covid 19: A Systematic Review Of The Literature

Bhuvanesh Kumar

Research Scholar, Mizoram University, Mizoram

‘Work life balance’ among female healthcare employees during Covid 19: A systematic review of the literature Bhuvanesh kumar PhD scholar, Department of Management, Mizoram University Dr. Amit Kumar Singh Professor, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. Dr Bidhu Kanti Das Assistant Professor, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India. From the early 2020, COVID-19 disease’s first wave has required adaption efforts at the healthcare organizations by frontline worker, who are directly involved in quick treatment and care of COVID-19 patient with several challenges. 70 percent of female workers are taking care and providing health care services in world-wide healthcare institution. Career female employees are struggled by work and family commitment at the each day. Women are commonly working through-out week and majority of working women felt that their life routine has become juggling act as they struggling to accomplish work life balance. Imbalanced work-life is an essential concern because women reported that their life has become a challenge as they have to manage multiple household tasks with profession. This present study employs how the female workers in health care sectors are balancing work and family responsibilities during Covid 19 crisis. In specific study conducted through the bibliographic review on work-life balance behavior of all level front line female heath worker, who are directly involved in taking care of patient with psychological stress and risk. Covid 19 pandemic. Furthermore, this paper seek for framework about the current situation, overwhelming workload of healthcare staff , issues and challenges faced by them and how the collective anticipatory strategies implemented by healthcare organizations, frontline workers as team and individual in order to cope with crisis and balance such work and life issues.

Domestic Violence Act 2005: Women Human Rights

Dr. Shashi Verma

Associate Professor of Political science, Govt. M. S. College, Bikaner, Rajasthan

Human society has always been male dominated, from Vedic times till today, women have been unsuccessfully trying to protect their identity and self-respect from the patriarchal culture .The status of women in Indian society is second to that of men and taking advantage of this position, men have been tyrannizing women.  Men which considers themselves as superhumans torture women physically and mentally.  Not only men but also women with male orientated thinking harass other women.  We define this as domestic violence.  Every act done by a man or a woman to any girl or woman in the family will be considered family violence , their lives becoming difficult, suffering mental and physical pain.  Inhuman and immoral conduct or cruelty with them is also considered as violence.  In order to protect women from this domestic violence in India, the "Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005" was passed.  The harsh truth is that more atrocities are increasing after the laws being made to protect girl child and women.

On the other hand this act is also being misused. Men are being harassed by women.  Courts are full of false dowry cases.  The relevance of this Act can be discussed, but it is not appropriate to point fingers at its success.  In such adverse conditions of Indian society , it is more necessary to bring social awareness, rather than laws. To achieve this goal, it is important that all the policies, schemes, laws and programs related to women empowerment should be implemented with complete honesty and activism at the level of society and government.  Only then women can be kept free from domestic violence.

Pak Sponsored Militancy Destroying The Beauty Of Kashmir

Dr. Jiji Paul S

Assistant Professor, Mar Dionysious College, Kerala

Kashmir is an unalienable and inseparable constituent part of India. It is so under law and Constitution. There is no room for even slightest ambiguity about basic factor biographies are nothing more than eulogies. Leaders have to be blindly glorified any reference to their lapses is considered to be bad taste. In fact, so glaring is the national despair and helplessness over the unending insurgency in Kashmir that any assessment which goes against the grain of conventional wisdom is brushed under the carpet. Unwilling to accept reality, the Indian political establishment has been paralyzed. After the independence Pakistan tried to grab Kashmir and create an Islamic nation inside the India. It creates wars and disputes between two countries. Pakistan’s sponsored militancy had taken more than Fifty thousand of Men, Woman and Children life, also more than Three lakh and Fifty thousand of Minority Kashmiri Pandits become migrants in their own motherland. Every year hundreds of youths are disappearing from this valley. Security forces are conducting fake encounters just for rewards. They are living under great fear created by militants. It leads to so much of tears, mental and physical problems etc. Every year Indian Government is spending cores to create everlasting peace in this valley. Unfortunately peace is not coming, the paradise become the place of evil. Human right violations like Custodial Deaths, Disappearance, Sex Abusing, and unnecessary Arrests are common. Indian Army’s reports shows nearly 68 militants groups and more than One thousand militants working inside the Kashmir valley for Creating Azad Kashmir. In the midst of pains and sorrows, Latest Government surveys shows more than 63% of Kashmir’s likes to live with India, 33% wants Azad Kashmir and 07% likes to join with Pakistan. Kashmiriyath is not a myth; it is a true identity of all the Kashmir’s.

Human Security amidst Climate Change – A Review of India’s legal, Institutional, and Policy Framework

Brijesh Yadav

Assistant Professor, National Defence Academy, Pune

In recent times, Climate change as a real existential threat to human planet has captured worldwide attention. A robust and effective legal, institutional and policy  framework is key to fight against climate change. This paper will attempt to examine preparedness of India to tackle climate change by reviewing its legal, institutional and policy framework. The paper will argue that Indian approach lacks desired level of preparedness in view of acute challenge of climate change and offer suggestions for an overhaul of existing framework for both mitigation and adaptation goals of climate change.

Relationship Of State With Human Security And Law

Dr. Mohan Singh Saggu

Associate Professor, Baba Farid Law College, Faridkot

In 1994 the United Nations development program coined the term human security in the UNDP human development report . This report approached security for the first time. From a holistic perspective security would no longer be viewed from a purely military perspective but rather it would encapsulate economic food health environmental personal community and political security. Although the concept of human security accords a higher status to individual than to govermental interests human security discourses have continually emphasized the central role of states as providers of human security. This volume challenges this paradigm and highlights the part played by non-state actors in both threatening human security and also in rescuing or providing relief to those whose human security is endangered. It does so from a legal perspective.

Health Hazards: A Man Made Threat To Human Security

Sudhira C. Jena

Ex- Prof. Political Science, BJB Govt. Auto College, BBSR, Odisha

The concept of human security has been changed from physical to food security, health security, social security etc. The countries spending more on Human Development Index are always on the top of the list of UNDP. Norway spends around 319.6 Billion Norwegian Kroner on Health and only 7,113 Billion USD on defence as per 2020. India 130 in HDI, spends 3,23,053 crores in Defence, with a meagre 29,774 crores on health in budget of 2020-21.           

If the meaning of governance in Indian sense is ‘to wipe every tear from every eye’, then governance in India fails to ensure good governance particularly in the field of Social Security, Health, Education, Agriculture etc. thereby  making E-governance and Smart – governance a mockery.

Since ancient times human beings and societies have tried to formulate rules and protocols that would enhance chances of sustained good health1. As per WHO, ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’ It has been considered as a fundamental human right indispensable for the exercise of other human rights2. UDHR states that , “everyone has the right to a  standard of living adequate for the health and well – being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his/her control.”

World Development Report, Alma Ata Declaration, Earth Summit at Rio, Conference on Health Promotion at Jakarta, Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals have emphasized on healthy life for human civilization. The Constitution of India under Art. 21,38,42,43,47 and 51 have also guaranteed sound healthy life to its citizens. Parliament of India also have enacted a good number of laws to protect the health interests of people in general. To achieve ‘Health for All’ not only Government but NGOs, general public, member of civil society, Supreme Court of India have made their attempt to monitor and implement health care facilities but we have not reached the target.

Health is a subject under State list (in the distribution of items between Centre and State) to make law for its improvement and management. So developed health care system is the sole responsibility of the State. From various indicators it is found that health status of Odisha is quite disappointing due to the fact that health has not been a top priority concern for the State Government. States in India having higher IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) are also ones having more percentage of people below poverty line such as Odisha, Bihar, Chhatisgarh and Jharkhand. These states have poor health care infrastructure in comparison to other Southern States. Poverty and poor health care system are inter-related. As per Census-2021, out of 4.76 crores of Population, 83.32% are rural and 16.68% are urban. There rural population depend on publicly provided health system. Private sector has played a limited role in Odisha.

Diseases may be non-communicable (Life Style diseases – Diabetes and Cardiac ailments causing 50% of all deaths) and communicable (due to socio- economic consequences affecting the working age population – 30 to 59 years). Odisha faces dual disease burdens. National Health Policy, 1983, 2002 and 2017 believe in more spending, but key problems are poor management, mal-administration and weak governance structure. Better capacity and stronger management leads to utilisation of NRHM funds. But cronic absenteeism, corruption and private practices have become integral to our system.

In this paper an attempt has been made to explore the causes for the failure of health governance (health facility implementation and action in India) and to show the health hazards as a man – made challenge to human security with suggestions for the future course of action.

Human Rights: Essential for Good Governance

Fr. Cedric Prakash SJ

Founder-Director, Prashant, an Ahmedabad-based Jesuit Centre for Human Rights, Justice and Peace, Recipient of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, one of the highest French civilian awards

The Constitution of India guarantees fundamental rights (rooted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) to every single citizen of India. These rights are based on the four non-negotiable principles and pillars of democracy namely justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. These values are also enshrined in the Preamble of the Constitution. The promotion and the protection of human rights of/for ALL, is thus the sine qua non for good governance. Sadly, in the past few years we have witnessed the systematic erosion and the destruction of human rights in India, by those in power and their ilk; legitimate democratic space to be visible or vocal in dissent has also shrunk tremendously. At the receiving end of this brutalization, are sub-altern groups: like the Adivasis and Dalits; the farmers and migrant workers; women and children; differently-abled and other sexually-oriented persons; minorities and other marginalised communities. There can never be ‘good governance’ until there is a political will and the corresponding action, to ensure that the rights of all citizens are respected and protected! Human rights are essential and even fundamental for good governance!

Mental Health Security and Governance; in Elderly Population of India

Dr. Raj Kumari Meena

Research Scholar ,Department of Psychology,University of Delhi

The UN classifies a nation as “aging” when the proportion of persons over 60 years crosses 7%, India cross this transition faster than other country in the world. Mental health and well-being are more important in older age. Mental health disorders among elderly population are major part of total disability.  India designated as shining nation by United Nations due to rapidly rise in the elderly subpopulation. Majority of qualified mental health professionals reside in urban India and 80% of the elderly reside in rural India, which places them at an access disadvantage. There is a practical indication suggesting to a decrease in the quality of life due to deterioration of mental health. India must act urgently to strengthen health care delivery systems in a concurrent multipronged approach.

Women Lead Environmental Movements with Special Reference to India

Ishita Ray

State-Aided College Teacher, Department of Environmental Studies, New Alipore College, Kolkata

The relationship between women and nature is interconnected and inseparable. Often nature is referred to as feminine. From ancient times women and nature share a powerful bond because of their gender roles, like nurturer of their family, caregivers, and ability to create life within themselves. As a result, often it is believed that because of their interconnected relationship harming the nature will cause more direct negative impact on women. India is a tropical country very rich in natural resources, but in the name of development often natural resources are being destroyed. This paper aims to discuss the environmental movements in which women played as frontline warriors to save the mother nature from destruction with special reference to India.

Studying The Gender-Water Security Linkages: A South Asian Perspective

Madhuparna Dutta

Assistant Professor, New Alipore College, Kolkata, West Bengal

It has often been noted that Gender in South Asia intersects with other social relations of power, to determine who has access to how much water, when and where. This paper concerned with women & water linkages in South Asia, would be primarily focusing on the conventional neglect of women’s needs and contributions with respect to water availability & management in the countries of the Indian sub-continent & the insecurities associated with it. Since, the overall conditions under which people live can eliminate or exacerbate insecurities, the idea is to understand the specific conditions which profoundly affects the daily life of women in these societies and impacts the long-term prospects of individuals & communities, and also future generations. The structural changes in water governance & management which are sought to be brought about in many of these societies through planned intervention by UN and other NGOs to remedy the situation would also be focused upon.

Threats for Human Security _Recent Trends

Dr Vikas Singh

Associate Professor,Department Of Political Science Himachal Pradesh University Summer Hill Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

Being a Universal Concern, human security is an essential aspect of human life and is the essence of life in a way of freedom. It means the protection of human being from threats and situations spreading worldwide. It is the concern of state as well as of an individual. The concept is concerned with the security of people as an individual and as a member of society worldwide. Since human nature is of multifarious characters, its needs are various and resources are limited. But as a human being it is its prime need to feel secure in every essence of time. So necessary conditions like freedom from fear, poverty, infection, disease, environment degradation and climate change are of prime importance along with socio economic and political security. With the passage of time the introduction of liberalization, privatization and globalization has made the world a global world. Various threats like geographical and climates change with the abuse of new technologies are creating frustration in human being causing a threat to humanity. So it is the responsibility of the state to provide security and protect human being from the upcoming threats for human security in the modern world.

Human Security Challenges in Punjab during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study

Nitika

Disaster Management Professional, Mahatma Gandhi State Institute of Public Administration (MGSIPA), Govt. of Punjab

From a human security point of view, the idea and custom of security should be directed towards the day-to-day needs of individuals and communities, whatever risk they may face. Human security has lost impetus as a rational project because of its vague definition and scope. Moreover, the rise in nationalism, power rivalry, and resurgence of geopolitical visions of security has further obscured human security in terms of policies. Even now Covid-19 signifies how human security brings added value as a logical and descriptive framework. In the present work, an attempt has been made to investigate and analyze the effects of the covid-19 epidemic on human security focusing on health security, economic security, food security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. Exploration and study of the pandemic's influence on the issues, concepts, and problem-solving methodologies that belong under the Human Security umbrella might lead to some intriguing preliminary ideas. Punjab being the agrarian state is always flooded with the influx of migratory labour but with the sudden onset of Covid-19 wave and improper preparatory arrangements, Punjab was unable to sustain migrant’s human security challenges whether it is related to food, medicine, and shelter. So, there is a need of robust human security perspective for the state whose structure is designed on situation specific needs.

Agricultural Credit and Food Security in India

Abhijit Pathak

Assistant Professor, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, West Bengal

Agricultural Credit and Food Security in India Abstract Agricultural credit is a critical input for agricultural production. Accordingly, credit to agricultural sector has remained the largest constituent within the priority sector lending of the commercial banks in India for the last fifty years. There is no denial of the fact that increased credit played a pivotal role in the implementation of the Green Revolution in India during the 1970s. However, in recent years, scarcity of agricultural credit has become a key concern for this sector. In this context, this paper has examined the availability of agricultural credit from the commercial banks in India for the last two decades. This paper has found that agricultural credit from commercial banks has registered a deceleration in recent years and this decline is sharper for the small and marginal farmers who are mostly involved in the production of food grains. As production of food grains is important for a highly populated country like India, decline in credit to small and marginal farmers may become another cause of concern for food security of India in the near future.

The Militarization of Public Security in the Americas: A Big Mistake for Governance and Human Rights or a Necessary Evil?’

Dr. William Godnick,

Professor of Professor of Practice, William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, National Defense University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States

Throughout the Western Hemisphere, armed forces are increasingly called on upon to undertake non-military missions related to public health, national development, environmental protection and increasingly public security. The use of the armed forces to support and/or supplant police institutions is often well received by the general public but is fraught with challenges in the area of human rights and long-term governance. This presentation will review some of the contexts where these dynamics are playing out and examine the challenges from the human rights, justice and governance perspectives.

Challenges in Quality of Education in HEIs of Pakistan

Zohaib Hassan Sain

Student, Superior University, Pakistan

The perception of civilization commenced because of the time when the first guy landed on this planet. Almost all of the international locations participate in constituting the civilization history, but contribution varies among distinct international locations. Civilization is an extension of the eminent public concept that's encouraged through the entire development of abilities and is declared with eagerness to chase the revel in wherein several religions in addition to ethnicities should contribute. The capacity foundations upon which the civilizations are shaped at the side of their have an effect on at the humankind are the distinguishing elements among diverse civilizations. Based upon those genuine observations, Islamic (or Tawhidic) civilization relies upon the oneness of Allah SWT, that's in entire contradiction to any race or ethnic-primarily based totally civilization. This kind of outstanding racial in addition to ethnic groups such as Persians, Africans, Chinese, Arabs, Malays, Turks, and Indians at the side of different smaller organizations followed Islam and took part in the established order of its civilization. Furthermore, Islam in no way hesitated to analyze from the civilizations of the sooner instances and integrating their learning, culture, and technological know-how into the worldwide opinion of its own, till or until they're in opposition to the Islamic principles. Undoubtedly, according to the ancient evidence, at some point of the technology of darker ages, amidst 700-1200 A.D, skilled through Western civilization, Islamic dynasty prolonged from Middle Asia as much as the areas of Southern Europe. Arabic Muslims and residents particularly appeared scholarly knowledge, and that they drastically participated in arithmetic in addition to technological know-how. Numerous ancient works executed through Greek and Roman human beings had been translated into the language of Arabic, additionally the scientists prolonged the one's ideas. However, the ancient glories of Islamic civilization have appeared to be jubilated through many countries within side the cutting-edge period, without thinking about the causative forces and motivations that introduced as much as the triumphs of Islamic civilization. And different international locations are recognized to relegate, if now no longer overlook, the factors at the back of the decline and downfall of it. That is why this studies has been carried out to explore the determinants and foundation of ascending and descending of Islamic civilization below the affect of worldwide mind and educational responses to the ones affect of the Muslim scholars

Challenges of DevSecOps Implementation and its Solutions

Aisha Al-Maalwy

Student, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

In recent years, DevOps has become one of the fast-growing software development models. One of the most important features of DevOps is the rapid and continuous release of the software, which leads to increasing pressure on developers and thus neglects security. In fact, security plays a vital role to gain the full advantage of the agility and responsiveness of DevOps while considering the chances of security risks. From this perspective, the DevSecOps term emerged to solve security issues by consider it whithin the basis of DevOps initiative. This paper outlines the challenges encountered during implementing DevSecOps on its three main stages (development, operations, and security) and provides potential solutions. Unfortunately, this field of research is limited since there are not enough studies that cover the challenges of DevSecOps, which need more concentration in the future to avert the challenges that face devOps team and accelerate the development and operation process with the consideration of the security application.

Discipline Based Education and Analysis of Applicability of Educational
Theories in Buddhist Teachings

Kotapola Sumedha

Ottawa Theravada Buddhist Vihara and Cultural Center, Ontario, Canada.

The meaning of education is the act of imparting knowledge to others and the act of obtaining
knowledge from someone else. There are two types of dimensions that can be seen to evaluate
human consciousness namely intelligence quotient which is based on pertaining knowledge by
using libraries, computers and other materials and emotional quotient which is based on
lovingkindness, compassion, equanimity Subsequently, the prime purpose of this research article
is to investigate the acquisition of rewarding education objectively and endowment of human
values associated with disciplinary regulations with regard to development of behavioral,
emotional (mental) and cognitive transformations in terms of moralistic three functions such as;
Mind (mana), Body (kāya) and Speech (vacana). Studying conceptual psychological aspects
comparatively in accordance with Buddhist philosophy has been a resolution to problems that
motivate studies in schools, universities, colleges and institutes.

Gender Security and Law: A constitutional perspective

Jivesh Jha

Judicial Officer , Dhanusha District Court, Janakpurdham

As the term ‘gender security’ is so wide, it encompasses different issues, like transgender vulnerability, child insecurity, old-age problems and other human security issues like health, income and education. The Constitution of India and other prevailing laws host plethora of measures for fortifying the rights of the women, child, senior citizens and other vulnerable groups. The insecurities could result from income, status, livelihood, health and among other issues. For instance, if women are discriminated along the lines of sex or physical strength, its also a subject matter of gender security. If an elderly citizen is ill-treated at home or in public places, then its also a kind of gender insecurity. In this way, the concept of gender security has a wider meaning and an exhaustive definition cannot suit it. While talking about women security, 71 years after passing of the Constitution of India, are Indian women anywhere safe, secured near equal under the laws? The framers of the constitution considered gender parity, security, equality, liberty and social justice as of natural import. They realised that equality was one of the facets of democracy driven under rule of law. Article 14 of the Constitution of India envisages for equality before the law and the equal protection of the laws. Similarly, Article 15 confers power on the parliament to adopt and enact laws for the betterment of women and children. There are scores of laws passed by the parliament which aims to curb violence and inequalities on women. In this paper, the author delves to discuss the constitutional provisions promulgated for the protection and promotion of the rights of women.

Impact of National Security on Economic Growth of Nigeria

Emenike Anastasia Ogechi

General Studies Department, Faculty of Business and Communication Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

The alarming level of insecurity in Nigeria has increased the level of crime rate and terrorist attack in different parts of the country, leaving unpleasant consequences for economic growth in Nigeria. This study examines the Impact of National Security on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The study adopts descriptive method, which entails extraction of secondary data on public expenditures on Security, Agriculture, Education, Health and Gross Domestic Product from the reports/publications of Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and other scholarly reports on the subject matter. The Secondary data which spanned a period of fifteen years (2003-2017) were subjected to Linear regression model using STATA data analysis package on the basis of which informed conclusions were drawn. Result shows that expenditure (spending) on security, education and Health (F-statistic 5.620292; R2 =0.692129; p = 0.012338) are predictors of Gross Domestic Product. Expenditure on education and health have positive impact on GDP significant (t=1.92, t=1.99) respectively. It was therefore concluded that expenditure on security, educations and health are determinants of gross domestic product (GDP). The paper recommends the need to give priority to security through more budget from nation, state, local governments and other stakeholders. Creating more security outlet, taking good care of the available and the new security men as well as collaborating with community leaders to identify these terrorists and rid them out of the society.

Pandemic ‘X’ and Food (In)security in the Global South: Navigating the Future

Md. Kamruzzaman Bhuiyan

Assistant Professor, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh

We are constantly seeking security in an insecure globalised world. Besides the traditional insecurities, the world has been facing an array of non-traditional security threats, such as food insecurity, that threaten millions of lives across the globe. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of the developing and underdeveloped countries as food shortage, malnutrition, disruptions in the agricultural supply chain affected the global south. Besides, the rate of obesity and related death has also increased sharply due to prolonged lockdown. However, the state-centric conception of security often downplays the magnitude of food (in)security and related threats. This paper argues that any pandemic in the near future, labelled as pandemic ‘X’ in this paper, will cause even more havoc to global food security at varying degrees. Hence, context-specific strategies are paramount to safeguard humans across national borders

Security Challenges and Government Response in Northern Nigeria: 1999-2019

Sulaiman Bashir

Department Of History And Strategic Studies, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria

Security is and remains the vital aspect of the total sum of all human progress and development, to which its breach and unsure of its existence not only arrest development, but also leads to stagnation, reversal of progress attained and eventually halt positive ideas and initiatives capable of improving lives and the meaning attach to it. The Northern Nigeria since the year 1999 to 2019 has been subjected to insecurity threat under the guise of Islam popularly known as Boko Haram which holds as its ideology of establishing an ideal Islamic state to be carved out of the three border states of Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger Republic. The means to achieve this is to wipe out all the traces of western values, ideas, education - and in place, Islamic state would be borne with Islamic legal system (Shari'a) and the code of operation in all aspects of governance. To achieve this, killings, kidnapping, suicide bombings, forcible renunciation of faith and conversion to another were set as the means to attain the goal. On the side of the states, both the national and state governments were and are still being accused for not doing enough to curtail and halt the threat in the polity despite verbal condemnations and claims of prosecuting the culprits to which the public has not witnessed much and peace once enjoyed continue to be a distant objective, or relative and unattainable. Keywords :Northern Nigeria, Boko Haram, Nigerian Armed forces, media and general public.

Self and Other Representation of ISIS Female Sympathiser

Ungku Khairunnisa Bt Ungku Mohd Nordin

Research Scholar, University Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Since June 2014, the international media has reported on Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham (ISIS), In the latter part of 2014, the global media began reporting on a new and disturbing trend: women, often young and unmarried, were leaving their homes and families to sneak into Syria and Iraq in order to join ISIS (Neumann, 2016). Sjoberg & Gentry (2011) point out that the way women terrorists are represented in the media have not been explored adequately. Furthermore, the media also very often portrays women involved with terrorist groups or acts in ways that are not only different than their male counterparts, but also in ways that are specifically in relation to their gender as well as their perceived gendered roles (Sjoberg & Gentry, 2008). This dual pronged study examines how female sympathisers of ISIS are represented through and by media discourses, and significantly also, how female sympathisers of ISIS represent themselves on Twitter, in relation to ISIS. Employing Critical Discourse Analysis – the Discourse- Historical Approach (Wodak, 2001) this thesis will analyse the diverse and often contesting ways in which the Self versus Other (Wodak, 2009) schemata is prominent in the representations of female sympathisers

State, Human Security and Sustainable development in Nigeria.

Chinnah Promise Chinwe

Research Scholar, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria.

The formation of a state was basically anchored on two major reasons namely, security and welfare of her citizens; every other functions of the state revolves around the two. Nigeria has witnessed high rate of insecurity for the past two decades all efforts made to combat insecurity proved fertile. The paper examined and ex-rayed the role of the state, human security and sustainable development in Nigeria, In retrospect and prospect for sustainable development. The paper made use of secondary data and content analysis used objectively to analyze data while Aristolelian theory of state was adopted as the theoretical framework. The study unveiled that Nigerian state has failed to provide the basic necessity of life for her citizens. That state institutions, instrumentalities and apparatus are weak working at variance with state categorical duty. The failure of the state to provide human security has led to internal crises, frictions, and other anti-social behaviors and vices that encourages and breeds insecurity. The failure of state to provide basic services and functions is a direct neglect of human security which transmogrifies to excruciating features of underdevelopment and invitation of anarchy. Factors that negate state from performing her basic role were mentioned. Consequently the following recommendations were made on how the state can achieve and maintained human security which includes, restructuring, reorientation, and establishment of strong institutions, new constitution, and change of education curriculum to mention but few.

The Case of Artisans In Sokoto Metropolis

Manir Umar

Lecturer , State College of Basic and Remedial Studies Sokoto State of Nigeria

This research aims to identify the socio-economic characteristics of the Artisans in Sokoto metropolis and investigate the determinants of their performance, adopting a survey research method; the research sampled 220 respondents, 20 each from the twenty two wards in the metropolis. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to collect data; analysis was done with the use of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The multiple regression result revealed that the coefficient of experience of the respondents (EXP) has a positive sign and statistically significant at 5% level and shows to be the major determinant of performance (proxied as income) it also revealed age (AGE) carrying β= 0.132 with a positive sign and statistically significant at 1% with probability of 0.000 implying that the higher the age of the respondents the better the respondent’s performance in the business while membership of an association (MOA) which was a proxy for government support and intervention stood at β=-0.072 statistically significant at 5%. The study makes a call to the state government to provide out of school education, capacity building trainings on regular basis to keep the artisans abreast with global best practices in their line of business and equip them with appropriate skills needed to foster innovation and creativity.

The Future threaten of ISIS in the Middle East

Shamal Sabir Hussein

Research Scholar, Doctoral School of Politics & Administration Science - Wroclaw University, Poland

The threaten of ISIS still has a great effect on Middle East, most of Sunna people in Iraq and Syria joined ISIS between 2014 - 2017, its true ISIS defeated by Iraqi forces with the cooperation of international community in 2017, but the Ideology of ISIS still making a huge dangers for the World. In my PowerPoints I will present the reasons which led Sunna People in Iraq and Syria join ISIS and the future threaten of ISIS on Middle East.

The Government’s Role in Tackling Food Adulteration in Bangladesh: Prospects, Possibilities and Challenges

Md. Abdul Hannan

Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh

Food adulteration has been a serious problem in Bangladesh for quite a long period of time. It has long-term impact upon human body, and it affects every other aspect of human security. The government of the country has taken several measures against this heinous practice. Some improvements are visible in this regard. But the problem still persistently exists in the country and shows no sign to be under control in near future. This paper aims to critically evaluate the government initiatives that have been taken to tackle food adulteration in Bangladesh. It starts with a brief discussion on current condition of food security and food adulteration in the country. Then it discusses about the government initiatives which have been taken so far to tackle the issue. Explaining how the government efforts have brought good results in this regard, it thus critically discusses what are the shortcomings of the government efforts in dealing with food adulteration and what are the challenges the government taken initiatives face. Finally, it provides some recommendations on what else the government can do to fight this problem with more efficiency and effectiveness.

The Scenario of Child Labor and Child Marriage in COVID-19 and the Steps of Government in the perspectives of Bangladesh

Md. Jahidur Rahman

Student, Department of Social Work, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The Scenario of Child Labor and Child Marriage in COVID-19 and the Steps of Government in the perspectives of Bangladesh Child Labor and Child Marriage are two important international and widely spoken issues of recent times. Both of Child Labor and Child Marriage are mostly a problem of the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, rights of children is a world-wide concern. COVID-19 is a new threat to the humanity. Bangladesh is facing high risk to be affected by corona virus outbreak. COVID-19 increases child labor and child marriage in Bangladesh. So, child labor and child marriage have become burning issues in our country. Violence against women and children is on the rise in Bangladesh amid the COVID-19 lockdown, according to reports. Experts say a lack of social activities and financial pressures are increasing rifts within families. As a result domestic violence is increasing day by day. Family peaceful environment is totally disrupted and the family relationship is being hampered. The purpose of this paper is to first, review the rising Domestic Violence of COVID-19 in Bangladesh and to know the existing steps taken by the government; secondly, to discuss how people can play vital role in this situation in the context of Bangladesh. In order to reality the purpose different secondary materials such as book, government documents, journal being consulted.

Societal Influences And The Safety Of The Girl Child In Nigeria: The Role Of Entrepreneurship And Stakeholders

Ekeke, J.N.

Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria

Nwaiwu, J.N.

Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba. Nigeria

Obiora, J.N.

Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria

Uboegbulam, G.C.

Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria

The nefarious activities of internet fraudsters occasioned by the unbridled quest for get-rich-quick mentality by youths in Nigeria has created an unsafe environment for the average girl child. This paper examines the factors responsible for the manifestation of moral decadence in Nigeria which presents the girl child as a sacrificial lamb. Based on extant literature and indirect observations, this qualitative study argues that various factors such as malevolent leadership, corruption, lowering of parenting standards, technology, and lack of value orientation creates the breeding ground for moral decadence with its attendant evil machinations. The study argues that a strategic graduates’ entrepreneurship programme modelled after the Igbo apprenticeship programme and stakeholders’ involvement in value re-orientation has the capacity to restore dignity of labour and moral discipline in the youths of Nigeria. The study implications call for a deliberate stakeholders’ collaboration in order  to give direction to the misguided youths with a view to securing the life of the girl child in Nigeria.

Challenges in Quality of Education in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of Pakistan

Zohaib Hassan Sain,

Student, Superior University, Pakistan

The purpose of this study is based on exploratory research to identify “Challenges in Quality of Education in HEIs of Pakistan”. In this research Curriculum, Corruption in education, Less training institutions, Teacher’s behavior and less research work are independent variables and Quality of Education is dependent variable. Questionnaire will be as a tool for collecting data in this survey and source of data will be primary. Exploratory research approach is used to achieve the objectives of the study. In this regard primary data was collected from a sample of 100 students using close-ended questionnaire. Then the data was analyzed through exploratory factor analysis to test the hypothesis and present the student’s perceptions. From the last few years, Pakistan is facing a lot of challenges in education sector such as curriculum, less training institutions, corruption in education, teacher’s behavior, less research work. Emerging issues in education sector are less training institutions and trend towards research work which is essential to follow for the growth and strength of any economy. The purpose of our research is to identify the major challenges in educational sector in Pakistan which the educational sector is suffering from last few years. In future, we will research on the solution of these problems. To increase the literacy rate, the Govt. of Pakistan has announced that the education is compulsory for sixteen years old for every citizen. This attempt will play an important role in the development of Pakistan.

Mahaweli: River for Reconciliation or Structural Genocide in Sri Lanka? Case Study on Mahaweli Development Project in North Sri Lanka

Jeya Murugan

Ph.D. Candidate in Developmental Studies, University of the Philippines, LB

Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka is strongly linked with national development programs.  The Mahaweli Development Program (MDP) is the largest multipurpose national development program in the nation’s history. Started in the 1960s, it aimed to develop the dry zones as agricultural industry hub in South Asia. The program receives massive capital infusion along with international support. And, it includes “one of the more intractable areas in which ethnic conflict has arisen, land “colonization.” (Patrick Peeble, 2011) that ended up with a divided island (Subramaniam, 2010). Despite also being a program for food security, MDP ended up in dehumanizing the country’s own citizens, turning them into internally displaced persons and refugees in several countries as it triggered thirty years of civil war that ended only in 2009, militarily. Now, the guns are silent but the cause of the conflict is to be resolved.

This paper examines the role of state institutions’ role governance in promoting human right/dignity in the post-conflict context of North and East Provinces in Sri Lanka. It applies narrative inquiry to capture collective memory and sense of victimhood among those affected by wars in history. It also explores institutional challenges to the management of citizens’ perceptions, deeming that mobilizing and building institutional capacity could help prevent another war in Sri Lanka and hopefully pave the way for lasting peace and development.

The Future Of Terror In Middle East

Shamal Sabir Hussein

Research Scholar, Doctoral School Of Politics & Administration Science - Wroclaw University, Poland

It's true that ISIS ended in military terms in 2017, but the ideology of ISIS still a big threaten on Middle East and for the entire world also. In my presentation I will explain the threaten of ISIS and how terror will raise again in Iraq and Syria in near future if Shea continued to abuse the right of Sunni's in both countries.